{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T03:01:41Z","timestamp":1775098901999,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cable termination is a weak point in an underground cable system. The transient earth voltage (TEV) method is an effective and nonintrusive method for estimating the insulation condition of cable termination. However, the practical application of TEV detection is mainly focused on switchgears, generators, and transformers with a flat and conductive shell. A flexible sensor array based on the TEV method is presented for online partial discharge (OLPD) monitoring of the cable termination. Each sensing element is designed with a dual-capacitor structure made of flexible polymer material to obtain better and more stable sensitivity. Based on the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation theory, the partial discharge (PD) propagation model in the cable termination is built to analyze and verify the rationality and validity of the sensor unit. Some influencing factors are discussed regarding the response characteristics of sensors. Finally, the performance of the sensor array is verified by simulations and experiments. Besides, an OLPD monitoring system is introduced. The monitoring system is composed of the on-site monitoring device and the remote monitoring host. The two parts of the system exchange the data through wireless networks using a wireless communication module. The experiment results show that the monitoring device could supply the PD condition monitoring demand for cable termination.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:46:18Z","timestamp":1605865578000},"page":"6646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Flexible Sensor Array Based on Transient Earth Voltage for Online Partial Discharge Monitoring of Cable Termination"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Mingshu","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Energy Internet Research Institute, Tsinghua University, Chengdu 610000, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}]},{"given":"Xutao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electric Power Research Institute, Smart Grid Ningxia Electric Power Company, Yinchuan 750011, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MEI.2016.7414231","article-title":"An overview on the current status of partial discharge measurements on AC high voltage cable accessories","volume":"32","author":"Eigner","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2005.1430393","article-title":"PD knowledge rules for insulation condition assessment of distribution power cables","volume":"12","author":"Gulski","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2011.5931076","article-title":"Partial discharge parameters to evaluate the insulation condition of on-line located defects in medium voltage cable networks","volume":"18","author":"Wouters","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikorski, W., Walczak, K., Gil, W., and Szymczak, C. (2020). On-Line Partial Discharge Monitoring System for Power Transformers Based on the Simultaneous Detection of High Frequency, Ultra-High Frequency, and Acoustic Emission Signals. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13123271"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Wagenaars, P. (2010). Integration of Online Partial Discharge Monitoring and Defect Location in Medium-Voltage Cable Networks. [Ph.D. Thesis, Eindhoven University of Technology]."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/MEI.2015.7303259","article-title":"An overview of state-of-the-art partial discharge analysis techniques for condition monitoring","volume":"31","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"IEC (2015). IEC 60270:2000\/AMD1:2015, High-Voltage Test Techniques\u2014Partial Discharge Measurements, IEC."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.105489","article-title":"Measuring method for partial discharges in a high voltage cable system subjected to impulse and superimposed voltage under laboratory conditions","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2003.1194121","article-title":"Partial discharge detection in cables using VHF capacitive couplers","volume":"10","author":"Tian","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beura, C.P., Beltle, M., and Tenbohlen, S. (2020). Study of the Influence of Winding and Sensor Design on Ultra-High Frequency Partial Discharge Signals in Power Transformers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20185113"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"5","article-title":"Partial discharge monitoring of power transformers using UHF sensors. Part I: Sensors and signal interpretation","volume":"21","author":"Judd","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2266","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2018.006996","article-title":"Application of UHF method for partial discharge source location in power transformers","volume":"25","author":"Dukanac","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C., Dong, M., Ren, M., Huang, W., Zhou, J., Gao, X., and Albarrac\u00edn, R. (2018). Partial Discharge Monitoring on Metal-Enclosed Switchgear with Distributed Non-Contact Sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18020551"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2012.2199135","article-title":"Transient Earth Voltage Measurement in PD Detection of Artificial Defect Models in SF6","volume":"40","author":"Ren","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-smt.2014.0203","article-title":"Impulsive noise reduction for transient Earth voltage-based partial discharge using Wavelet-entropy","volume":"10","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Sci. Meas. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/57.145095","article-title":"Partial discharge. XIII. Acoustic partial discharge detection-fundamental considerations","volume":"8","author":"Lundgaard","year":"1992","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1109\/61.103670","article-title":"Acoustic diagnosis of gas insulated substations: A theoretical and experimental basis","volume":"5","author":"Lundgaard","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sikorski, W. (2019). Development of Acoustic Emission Sensor Optimized for Partial Discharge Monitoring in Power Transformers. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19081865"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1678","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2949843","article-title":"A Novel Oscillation Wave Test System for Partial Discharge Detection in XLPE Cable Lines","volume":"35","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Itose, A., Kozako, M., and Hikita, M. (2016, January 25\u201328). Partial discharge detection and induced surface current analysis using transient earth voltage method for high voltage equipment. Proceedings of the 2016 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis (CMD), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CMD.2016.7757859"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2011.2124474","article-title":"The Use of Partial Discharges as an Online Monitoring System for Underground Cable Joints","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoshizumi, H., Koga, T., Kozako, M., Hikita, M., Fujii, Y., Nakamura, Y., and Cho, H. (2017, January 11\u201315). Grounding effect on transient earth voltage signal induced by partial discharge in metal box model. Proceedings of the 2017 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials (ISEIM), Toyohashi, Japan.","DOI":"10.23919\/ISEIM.2017.8166549"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies, N., Tian, Y., Cheung, J., Tang, Y., and Shiel, P. (2008, January 21\u201324). Non-intrusive partial discharge measurements of MV switchgears. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CMD.2008.4580307"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1109\/MEI.2003.1238714","article-title":"The application of matched filters to PD detection and localization","volume":"19","author":"Veen","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rizk, F., and Trinh, G. (2018). High Voltage Engineering, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16748"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1109\/TEI.1982.298548","article-title":"Fundamental Limitations in the Measurement of Corona and Partial Discharge","volume":"2","author":"Boggs","year":"1982","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2007.302869","article-title":"Study on mathematical model for VHF partial discharge of typical insulated defects in GIS","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MEI.2002.1161454","article-title":"Numerical simulation of partial discharge propagation in cable joints using the finite difference time domain method","volume":"18","author":"Pommerenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2017.006149","article-title":"UHF PD measurements on power transformers-advantages and limitations","volume":"24","author":"Jahangir","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7360","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407360","article-title":"Application of HFCT and UHF Sensors in On-Line Partial Discharge Measurements for Insulation Diagnosis of High Voltage Equipment","volume":"15","author":"Garnacho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chai, H., Phung, B., and Mitchell, S. (2019). Application of UHF Sensors in Power System Equipment for Partial Discharge Detection: A Review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051029"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2866983","article-title":"Online Partial Discharge Insulation Condition Monitoring of Complete High-Voltage Networks","volume":"55","author":"Renforth","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2005.1522184","article-title":"Partial discharge diagnostics and electrical equipment insulation condition assessment","volume":"12","author":"Stone","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1109\/60.815038","article-title":"Continuous on-line partial discharge monitoring of generator stator windings","volume":"14","author":"Lloyd","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Energy Convers."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2014.03.054","article-title":"Classification of partial discharge events in GILBS using probabilistic neural networks and the fuzzy c-means clustering approach","volume":"61","author":"Su","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/94.469976","article-title":"Automated recognition of partial discharges","volume":"2","author":"Krivda","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2918316","article-title":"Random Forest Based Optimal Feature Selection for Partial Discharge Pattern Recognition in HV Cables","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2019.2906086","article-title":"A Convolutional Neural Network-Based Deep Learning Methodology for Recognition of Partial Discharge Patterns from High-Voltage Cables","volume":"34","author":"Peng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, X., Zhou, K., Li, Y., Zhu, G., and Meng, P. (2020). A New Cross-Correlation Algorithm Based on Distance for Improving Localization Accuracy of Partial Discharge in Cables Lines. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13174549"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1109\/94.822022","article-title":"Studies of elastic waves caused by corona discharges in oil","volume":"6","author":"Sakoda","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2018.2872820","article-title":"Partial Discharges Pattern Recognition of Transformer Defect Model by LBP HOG Features","volume":"34","author":"Firuzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6646\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:46Z","timestamp":1760178886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6646"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226646"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226646","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]}}}