{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T05:53:11Z","timestamp":1772171591212,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020 Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["654168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["654168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F&amp;#x00F6;rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","award":["#20FL20_154216"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#20FL20_154216"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003006","name":"Eidgen\u00f6ssische Technische Hochschule Z\u00fcrich","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51 15-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51 15-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003006","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000271","name":"Science and Technology Facilities Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ST\/M003965\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ST\/M003965\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0011726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0011726"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We measured the radiation tolerance of commercially available diamonds grown by the Chemical Vapor Deposition process by measuring the charge created by a 120 GeV hadron beam in a 50 \u03bcm pitch strip detector fabricated on each diamond sample before and after irradiation. We irradiated one group of samples with 70 MeV protons, a second group of samples with fast reactor neutrons (defined as energy greater than 0.1 MeV), and a third group of samples with 200 MeV pions, in steps, to (8.8\u00b10.9) \u00d7 1015 protons\/cm2, (1.43\u00b10.14) \u00d7 1016 neutrons\/cm2, and (6.5\u00b11.4) \u00d7 1014 pions\/cm2, respectively. By observing the charge induced due to the separation of electron\u2013hole pairs created by the passage of the hadron beam through each sample, on an event-by-event basis, as a function of irradiation fluence, we conclude all datasets can be described by a first-order damage equation and independently calculate the damage constant for 70 MeV protons, fast reactor neutrons, and 200 MeV pions. We find the damage constant for diamond irradiated with 70 MeV protons to be 1.62\u00b10.07(stat)\u00b10.16(syst)\u00d7 10\u221218 cm2\/(p \u03bcm), the damage constant for diamond irradiated with fast reactor neutrons to be 2.65\u00b10.13(stat)\u00b10.18(syst)\u00d7 10\u221218 cm2\/(n \u03bcm), and the damage constant for diamond irradiated with 200 MeV pions to be 2.0\u00b10.2(stat)\u00b10.5(syst)\u00d7 10\u221218 cm2\/(\u03c0 \u03bcm). The damage constants from this measurement were analyzed together with our previously published 24 GeV proton irradiation and 800 MeV proton irradiation damage constant data to derive the first comprehensive set of relative damage constants for Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond. We find 70 MeV protons are 2.60 \u00b1 0.29 times more damaging than 24 GeV protons, fast reactor neutrons are 4.3 \u00b1 0.4 times more damaging than 24 GeV protons, and 200 MeV pions are 3.2 \u00b1 0.8 more damaging than 24 GeV protons. We also observe the measured data can be described by a universal damage curve for all proton, neutron, and pion irradiations we performed of Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond. Finally, we confirm the spatial uniformity of the collected charge increases with fluence for polycrystalline Chemical Vapor Deposition diamond, and this effect can also be described by a universal curve.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]],"date-time":"2020-11-20T09:46:18Z","timestamp":1605865578000},"page":"6648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A Study of the Radiation Tolerance of CVD Diamond to 70 MeV Protons, Fast Neutrons and 200 MeV Pions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9966-8788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lukas","family":"B\u00e4ni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Alexopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Artuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5670-3184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bachmair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Bartosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Helge","family":"Beck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen, D-37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Belyaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MEPHI Institute, 115409 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Bentele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Bes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Marie","family":"Brom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Chiodini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Chren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Czech Technical University, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Cindro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Gilles","family":"Claus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Johann","family":"Collot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Cumalat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Curtoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Dabrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Raffaello","family":"D\u2019Alessandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Florence, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Dauvergne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Wim","family":"De Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\u00e4t Karlsruhe, D-76049 Karlsruhe, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2163-442X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Dorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8502-2297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"D\u00fcnser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Gerald","family":"Eigen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Eremin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ioffe Institute, 194021 St. Petersburg, Russia"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Forneris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Gallin-Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Marie-Laure","family":"Gallin-Martel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Kock","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gastal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Abderrahman","family":"Ghimouz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Goffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Golubev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITEP, 117218 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3903-3438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Gori\u0161ek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Grigoriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITEP, 117218 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rn","family":"Grosse-Knetter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen, D-37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Aidan","family":"Grummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8668-6933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojan","family":"Hiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3135-6427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dmitry","family":"Hits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Hoeferkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00f4me","family":"Hosselet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"H\u00fcgging","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut, Universit\u00e4t Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6526-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Hutson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2391-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jens","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut, Universit\u00e4t Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4693-7857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harris","family":"Kagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-1961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keida","family":"Kanxheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Mladen","family":"Kis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7580-384X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregor","family":"Kramberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Kuleshov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ITEP, 117218 Moscow, Russia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4268-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Lacoste","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Lagomarsino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Florence, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Lo Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"L\u00f3pez Paz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3213-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Lukosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Chaker","family":"Maazouzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Mandi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Marcatili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Alysia","family":"Marino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IPHC, F-67000 Strasbourg, France"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Menichelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4119-6156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Miku\u017e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Morozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Moscatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Moss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Faculty, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA"}]},{"given":"Raymond","family":"Mountain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-0422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7512-6295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Olivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5322-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Passeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6418-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heinz","family":"Pernegger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5764-7337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Perrino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Picollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Pomorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEA-LIST Technologies Avanc\u00e9es, F91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Potenza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Arnulf","family":"Quadt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics, Universit\u00e4t G\u00f6ttingen, D-37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Fatah","family":"Rarbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9952-5488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6220-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Reichmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"Roe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CERN, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Olivier","family":"Rossetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-4019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Sanz Becerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Schnetzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Sciortino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Florence, 50145 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Scorzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1181-3061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally","family":"Seidel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1725-9185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leonello","family":"Servoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}]},{"given":"Dale","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Sopko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Czech Technical University, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Vit","family":"Sopko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Czech Technical University, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INFN-Lecce, 73100 Lecce, Italy"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Spanier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Stenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}]},{"given":"Bjarne","family":"Stugu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Sutera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Traeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GSI Helmholtzzentrum f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Trischuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A7, Canada"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Truccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Tuv\u00e8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, INFN\/University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4649-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaap","family":"Velthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TL, UK"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physics Department, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8038-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rainer","family":"Wallny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8093 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Jianchun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA"}]},{"given":"Norbert","family":"Wermes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physikalisches Institut, Universit\u00e4t Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jayashani","family":"Wickramasinghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}]},{"given":"Mahfoud","family":"Yamouni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPSC-Grenoble, 38026 Grenoble, France"}]},{"given":"Justas","family":"Zalieckas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, 5007 Bergen, Norway"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Zavrtanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1629-0535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuhiko","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan"}]},{"given":"Yoichi","family":"Ikegami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5073-0974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osamu","family":"Jinnouchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kohriki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2980-1560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shingo","family":"Mitsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8571, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7503-2777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Nagai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan"}]},{"given":"Susumu","family":"Terada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4170-8537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinobu","family":"Unno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KEK, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, November 11). CERN The European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211, Gen\u00e8ve 23, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/home.cern\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apollinari, G., Br\u00fcning, O., Nakamoto, T., and Lucio, R. (2015). High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Preliminary Design Report, Chapter 1: High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider HL-LHC, CERN. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, CERN-2015-005.","DOI":"10.2172\/1365580"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apollinari, G., B\u00e9jar, A.I., Br\u00fcning, O., Fessia, P., Lamont, M., Rossi, L., and Tavian, L. (2017). High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC): Technical Design Report V.0.1, CERN. CERN Yellow Reports: Monographs, Volume 4\/2017 CERN-2017-007-M.","DOI":"10.2172\/1767028"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465103","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6463\/ab37c6","article-title":"A study of the radiation tolerance of poly-crystalline and single-crystalline CVD diamond to 800 MeV and 24 GeV protons","volume":"52","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"(2020, November 11). The Samples Used in this Study Were Electronic Grade CVD Diamond Purchased from Element Six Technologies, Global Innovation Centre, Fermi Ave., Harwell, OX11 0QR, United Kingdom and II-VI Incorporated, 375 Saxonburg Blvd., Saxonburg, PA 16056-9499, USA. Available online: http:\/\/www.iiviinfrared.com."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachmair, F. (2016). CVD Diamond Sensors in Detectors for High Energy Physics. [Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Z\u00fcrich].","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.03.039"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Dotite Silver Paint D-550 (2020, September 30). Fujikura Kasei Co., LTD. 6-15, Shibakoen 2-chome, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0011 Japan. Available online: https:\/\/www.fkkasei.co.jp\/english\/product\/electric\/dotite\/05.html."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020, November 11). Integrated Detector and Electronics (IDE) AS Designed the VA Circuits. Available online: http:\/\/www.ideas.no."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Zhao, S. (1994). Characterization of the Electrical Properties of Polycrystalline Diamond Films. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University]. Available online: http:\/\/rave.ohiolink.edu\/etdc\/view?acc_num=osu1394810346."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, November 11). Cyclotron and Radioisotope Center (CYRIC), Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan. Available online: http:\/\/www.cyric.tohoku.ac.jp."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2011.11.042","article-title":"Computational analysis of irradiation facilities at the JSI TRIGA reactor","volume":"70","author":"Snoj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apradiso.2017.09.022","article-title":"Computational analysis of the dose rates at JSI TRIGA reactor irradiation facilities","volume":"130","author":"Snoj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Radiat. Isot."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"43","article-title":"Characterization of neutron flux in the exposure channel F19 of the TRIGA Mark II reactor in Ljubljana","volume":"98","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nucl. Energy Cent. Eur."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2020, November 11). Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland. Available online: https:\/\/www.psi.ch."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2020, September 30). CERN IRRAD Proton Facility. Available online: https:\/\/ps-irrad.web.cern.ch\/ps-irrad\/external.php."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2016","DOI":"10.1109\/TNS.2006.880569","article-title":"Dosimetry assessments in the irradiation facilities at the CERN-PS accelerator","volume":"53","author":"Glaser","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"B\u00e4ni, L. (2017). Top Quarks and Diamonds. [Ph.D. Thesis, ETH Z\u00fcrich]."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-9002(95)01414-4","article-title":"A Submicron Precision Silicon Telescope for Beam Test Purposes","volume":"372","author":"Colledani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Meier, D. (1999). CVD Diamond Sensors for Particle Detection and Tracking. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universit\u00e4t Heidelberg]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1063\/1.354957","article-title":"Particle- and photoinduced conductivity in type-IIa diamonds","volume":"74","author":"Pan","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2016.10.018","article-title":"Investigation of charge multiplication in single crystalline CVD diamond","volume":"841","author":"Cindro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01338917","article-title":"Zum Mechanismus des lichtelektrischen Prim\u00e4rstromes in isolierenden Kristallen","volume":"77","author":"Hecht","year":"1932","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The RD42 Collaboration, Hartjes, F., Adam, W., Bauer, C., Berdermann, E., Bergonzo, P., Bogani, F., Borchi, E., Brambilla, A., and Bruzzi, M. (1999). Parameterisation of Radiation Effects on CVD Diamond for Proton Irradiation. Nucl. Phys. B Proc. Suppl., 78, 675.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-5632(99)00623-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P09009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-0221\/7\/09\/P09009","article-title":"Signal and noise of diamond pixel detectors at high radiation fluences","volume":"7","author":"Tsung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2013.08.083","article-title":"Simulation of beam induced lattice defects of diamond detectors using FLUKA","volume":"735","author":"Guthoff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-9002(01)01653-9","article-title":"Determination of effective trapping times for electrons and holes in irradiated silicon","volume":"476","author":"Kramberger","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nima.2008.11.007","article-title":"Radiation damage in p-type silicon irradiated with neutrons and protons","volume":"599","author":"Cindro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucl. Instruments Methods Phys. Res. Sect. A Accel. Spectrometers Detect. Assoc. Equip."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2020, November 11). RD50 Collaboration. Available online: http:\/\/rd50.web.cern.ch\/rd50\/."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-1101(77)90054-5","article-title":"A review of some charge transport properties of silicon","volume":"20","author":"Jacoboni","year":"1977","journal-title":"Solid-State Electron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6648\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:34:49Z","timestamp":1760178889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6648"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226648"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226648","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,20]]}}}