{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:37:59Z","timestamp":1781224679056,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]],"date-time":"2020-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606003200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2016-77282-C33-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-77282-C33-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014141","name":"European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-106226-C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-106226-C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Educaci\u00f3n y Formaci\u00f3n Profesional","award":["FPU17\/05155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU17\/05155"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014434","name":"Narodowa Agencja Wymiany Akademickiej","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00048\/U\/001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPI\/APM\/2018\/1\/00048\/U\/001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Internal Mobility Programme for doctoral students of the Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena (Spain)","award":["JDGT"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JDGT"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NE\/R016429\/1 as part 511 of the UK\u2013ScaPE Programme Delivering National Capability"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NE\/R016429\/1 as part 511 of the UK\u2013ScaPE Programme Delivering National Capability"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of sensors, ground-based and remote, exploiting the relationship between soil dielectric response and soil water content continues to grow. Empirical expressions for this relationship generally work well in coarse-textured soils but can break down for high-surface area and intricate materials such as clayey soils. Dielectric mixing models are helpful for exploring mechanisms and developing new understanding of the dielectric response in porous media that do not conform to a simple empirical approach, such as clayey soils. Here, we explore the dielectric response of clay minerals and clayey soils using the mixing model approach in the frequency domain. Our modeling focuses on the use of mixing models to explore geometrical effects. New spectroscopic data are presented for clay minerals (talc, kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite) and soils dominated by these clay minerals in the 1 MHz\u20136 GHz bandwidth. We also present a new typology for the way water is held in soils that we hope will act as a framework for furthering discussion on sensor design. We found that the frequency-domain response can be mostly accounted for by adjusting model structural parameters, which needs to be conducted to describe the Maxwell\u2013Wagner (MW) relaxation effects. The work supports the importance of accounting for soil structural properties to understand and predict soil dielectric response and ultimately to find models that can describe the dielectric\u2013water content relationship in fine-textured soils measured with sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T01:28:48Z","timestamp":1606094928000},"page":"6678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Dielectric Spectroscopy and Application of Mixing Models Describing Dielectric Dispersion in Clay Minerals and Clayey Soils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6746-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan D.","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Teruel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott B.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fulgencio","family":"Soto-Valles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-8518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roque","family":"Torres-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automatics, Electrical Engineering and Electronic Technology, Technical University of Cartagena, 30202 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"Lebron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, ECW, Bangor LL572UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shmulik P.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Plants, Soils and Climate, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA"},{"name":"UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, ECW, Bangor LL572UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1029\/WR016i003p00574","article-title":"Electromagnetic determination of soil water content: Measurements in coaxial transmission lines","volume":"16","author":"Topp","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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