{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:57:09Z","timestamp":1782791829799,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Spanish Ministry of Science Innovation and Universities (MCINN)","award":["RTI2018-094738-B-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-094738-B-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011011","name":"Junta de Andaluc\u00eda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["A-TIC-050-UGR18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A-TIC-050-UGR18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011011","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In foggy or hazy conditions, images are degraded due to the scattering and attenuation of atmospheric particles, reducing the contrast and visibility and changing the color. This degradation depends on the distance, the density of the atmospheric particles and the wavelength. We have tested and applied five single image dehazing algorithms, originally developed to work on RGB images and not requiring user interaction and\/or prior knowledge about the images, on a spectral hazy image database in the visible range. We have made the evaluation using two strategies: the first is based on the analysis of eleven state-of-the-art metrics and the second is two psychophysical experiments with 126 subjects. Our results suggest that the higher the wavelength within the visible range is, the higher the quality of the dehazed images. The quality increases for low haze\/fog levels. The choice of the best performing algorithm depends on the criterion prioritized by the metric design strategy. The psychophysical experiment results show that the level of agreement between observers and metrics depends on the criterion set for the observers\u2019 task.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"6690","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Single Image Dehazing Algorithm Analysis with Hyperspectral Images in the Visible Range"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3534-6733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel \u00c1ngel","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Domingo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-5533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M.","family":"Valero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan L.","family":"Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Jes\u00fas","family":"Molina-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6457-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Andr\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Heierle, V.M., Casado, M.T., Gonz\u00e1lez, A.B., Zoilo, H.J., Tapia, J.M., Aguilar, A.A., and Clemente, J.M.D.L. (2018, January 26\u201329). Evaluation framework for multiband image enhancement and blending algorithms in enhanced flight vision systems. Proceedings of the 2018 14th International Conference on Signal-Image Technology & Internet-Based Systems (SITIS), Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1109\/JAS.2017.7510532","article-title":"Recent advances in image dehazing","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/CAA J. Autom. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Halmaoui, H., Cord, A., and Hautiere, N. (2011, January 6\u201313). Contrast restoration of road images taken in foggy weather. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), Barcelona, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCVW.2011.6130501"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-012-0416-6","article-title":"A two-step approach to see-through bad weather for surveillance video quality enhancement","volume":"23","author":"Jia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2257","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2015.2405013","article-title":"Exponential Contrast Restoration in Fog Conditions for Driving Assistance","volume":"16","author":"Negru","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5895","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2013.2293662","article-title":"Haze Detection and Removal in Remotely Sensed Multispectral Imagery","volume":"52","author":"Makarau","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote. Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-005-0011-1","article-title":"Automatic fog detection and estimation of visibility distance through use of an onboard camera","volume":"17","author":"Tarel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mach. Vis. Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Liu, X., and Ji, N. (2009). Fog Removal from Color Images using Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization. 2009 2nd International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, IEEE.","DOI":"10.1109\/CISP.2009.5301485"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1109\/83.841534","article-title":"Adaptive image contrast enhancement using generalizations of histogram equalization","volume":"9","author":"Stark","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joshi, K.R., and Kamathe, R.S. (2008, January 7\u20139). Quantification of retinex in enhancement of weather degraded images. Proceedings of the 2008 International Conference on Audio, Language and Image Processing, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICALIP.2008.4590120"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3271","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2262284","article-title":"Single Image Dehazing by Multi-Scale Fusion","volume":"22","author":"Ancuti","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.3390\/s19071593","article-title":"Efficient Traffic Video Dehazing Using Adaptive Dark Channel Prior and Spatial-Temporal Correlations","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2003.1201821","article-title":"Contrast restoration of weather degraded images","volume":"25","author":"Narasimhan","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/1360612.1360671","article-title":"Single Image Dehazing","volume":"27","author":"Fattal","year":"2008","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Graph."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2017.09.003","article-title":"Haze visibility enhancement: A Survey and quantitative benchmarking","volume":"165","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"15409","article-title":"Color and sharpness assessment of single image dehazing","volume":"77","author":"Thomas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Khoury, J., Thomas, J.-B., and Mansouri, A. (2020). A Spectral Hazy Image Database. International Conference on Image and Signal Processing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-51935-3_5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105031","DOI":"10.2352\/J.ImagingSci.Technol.2018.62.1.010503","article-title":"A Database with Reference for Image Dehazing Evaluation","volume":"62","author":"Thomas","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Imaging Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"McCartney, E.J. (1976). Optics of the Atmosphere: Scattering by Molecules and Particles, John Wiley and Sons."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Hardeberg, J.Y. (2013, January 10\u201312). Fog removal algorithms: Survey and perceptual evaluation. Proceedings of the European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP), Paris, France."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, K., Liu, W., and Wang, Z. (2015, January 27\u201330). Perceptual evaluation of single image dehazing algorithms. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2015.7351475"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22514","article-title":"Near perfect visual compensation for atmospheric color distortions","volume":"45","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Color Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berman, D., Treibitz, T., and Avidan, S. (2016, January 27\u201330). Non-local image dehazing. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.185"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Narasimhan, S.G., and Nayar, S.K. (2000, January 15). Chromatic framework for vision in bad weather. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No. PR00662), Hilton Head Island, SC, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"2341","article-title":"Single image haze removal using dark channel prior","volume":"Volume 33","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tarel, J.-P., and Hautiere, N. (October, January 29). Fast visibility restoration from a single color or gray level image. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE 12th International Conference on Computer Vision, Kyoto, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2009.5459251"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, G., Wang, Y., Duan, J., Xiang, S., and Pan, C. (2013, January 8). Efficient image dehazing with boundary constraint and contextual regularization. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2013.82"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2598681","article-title":"DehazeNet: An End-to-End System for Single Image Haze Removal","volume":"25","author":"Cai","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.5566\/ias.v27.p87-95","article-title":"Blind contrast enhancement assessment by gradient ratioing at visible edges","volume":"27","author":"Hautiere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Image Anal. Stereol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B222","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.00B222","article-title":"Recovering of weather degraded images based on RGB response ratio constancy","volume":"54","author":"Nieves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.C1000236","article-title":"Image stabilization with support vector machine","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. C"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, M., and Ren, J. (2010, January 9\u201311). Driving and image enhancement for CCD sensing image system. Proceedings of the 2010 3rd International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSIT.2010.5563816"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2012.2227726","article-title":"Making a \u201cCompletely Blind\u201d Image Quality Analyzer","volume":"20","author":"Mittal","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Khoury, J. (2016). Model and Quality Assessment of Single Image Dehazing, University of Bourgogne."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3440","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2006.881959","article-title":"A Statistical Evaluation of Recent Full Reference Image Quality Assessment Algorithms","volume":"15","author":"Sheikh","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Press, W.H., Teukolsky, S.A., Vetterling, W.T., and Flannery, B.P. (1988). Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6690\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:35:56Z","timestamp":1760178956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]}}}