{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T17:52:05Z","timestamp":1783360325670,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an overview of semiconductor materials used in gas sensors, their technology, design, and application. Semiconductor materials include metal oxides, conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes, and 2D materials. Metal oxides are most often the first choice due to their ease of fabrication, low cost, high sensitivity, and stability. Some of their disadvantages are low selectivity and high operating temperature. Conducting polymers have the advantage of a low operating temperature and can detect many organic vapors. They are flexible but affected by humidity. Carbon nanotubes are chemically and mechanically stable and are sensitive towards NO and NH3, but need dopants or modifications to sense other gases. Graphene, transition metal chalcogenides, boron nitride, transition metal carbides\/nitrides, metal organic frameworks, and metal oxide nanosheets as 2D materials represent gas-sensing materials of the future, especially in medical devices, such as breath sensing. This overview covers the most used semiconducting materials in gas sensing, their synthesis methods and morphology, especially oxide nanostructures, heterostructures, and 2D materials, as well as sensor technology and design, application in advance electronic circuits and systems, and research challenges from the perspective of emerging technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20226694","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"6694","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":532,"title":["Semiconductor Gas Sensors: Materials, Technology, Design, and Application"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5035-0170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Vesna","family":"Nikolic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Milovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7817-8648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zorka Z.","family":"Vasiljevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6078-413X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoran","family":"Stamenkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IHP\u2014Leibniz-Institut F\u00fcr Innovative Mikroelektronik, 15236 Frankfurt (Oder), Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2020, November 06). Air Pollutants, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/air\/pollutants.htm."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2020, November 06). Overview of Greenhouse Gases. Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/ghgemissions\/overview-greenhouse-gases."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5469","DOI":"10.3390\/s100605469","article-title":"Metal oxide semi-conductor gas sensors in environmental monitoring","volume":"10","author":"Fine","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.01.015","article-title":"Recent trends of ceramic humidity sensors development: A review","volume":"228","author":"Blank","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehmood, F., Ahmad, S., and Kim, D.H. (2019). Desing and implementation of an interworking IoT platform and marketplace in Could of Things. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11215952"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trilles, S., Gonzales-Perez, A., and Huerta, J. (2020). An IoT platform based on microservices and serverless paradigms for smart farming process. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082418"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2329189","article-title":"Design of a reconfigurable RFID sensing tag as a generic sensing platform toward the future Internet of Things","volume":"1","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2020, October 25). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks\u2014Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications. Available online: https:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/standard\/802_11-2016.html."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Stamenkovic, Z., Leger, G., and Bosio, A. (2021). Silicon Systems for Wireless LAN, World Scientific Publishing Co.. in press."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2020, October 25). IEEE Standard for Air Interface for Broadband Wireless Access Systems. Available online: https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/8303870."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-015-4200-z","article-title":"\u03b1-Fe2O3 based nanomaterials as gas sensors","volume":"27","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9635","DOI":"10.3390\/s120709635","article-title":"A survey on gas sensing technology","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolic, M.V. (2020, January 22\u201324). An overview of oxide materials for gas sensors. Proceedings of the 2020 23rd International Symposium on Design and Diagnostics of Electronic Circuits & Systems (DDECS), Novi Sad, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/DDECS50862.2020.9095743"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"1756","article-title":"Printed gas sensors","volume":"49","author":"Dai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00311","article-title":"Electrically-transduced chemical sensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials","volume":"119","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.04.194","article-title":"Micropatterning of metal oxide nanofibers by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing toward highly integrated and multiplexed gas sensor applications","volume":"250","author":"Kang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11877","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00187","article-title":"Multivariable sensors for ubiquitous monitoring of gases in the Era of Internet of Things and Industrial Internet","volume":"116","author":"Potyrailo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280410525977","article-title":"A review of gas sensors employed in electronic nose applications","volume":"24","author":"Arshak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5099","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705099","article-title":"Applications and advances in electronic-nose technologies","volume":"9","author":"Wilson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors3010001","article-title":"First fifty years of chemoresistive gas sensors","volume":"3","author":"Neri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosensors"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1953.tb01420.x","article-title":"Surface properties of Germanium","volume":"32","author":"Brattain","year":"1952","journal-title":"Bell. Syst. Tech. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01340692","article-title":"Zum einfluss von wasserstoff auf die elektrische leitfaegkeit von ZnO-kristallen","volume":"138","author":"Heiland","year":"1954","journal-title":"Z. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60191a001","article-title":"A new detector for gaseous components using semiconductor thin film","volume":"34","author":"Seiyama","year":"1962","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1755123","article-title":"Activated tungsten oxide gas detectors","volume":"11","author":"Shaver","year":"1967","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Taguchi, N. (1971). Gas Detecting Devices. (3,631,436), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nazemi, H., Joseph, A., Park, J., and Emadi, A. (2019). Advanced micro- and nano-gas sensor technology: A review. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19061285"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.3390\/s7030267","article-title":"Gas sensors based on conducting polymers","volume":"7","author":"Bai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493904","DOI":"10.1155\/2009\/493904","article-title":"A review of carbon nanotubes\u2014Based gas sensors","volume":"2009","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5573","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ta13823b","article-title":"Nanocarbon-based gas sensors: Progress and challenges","volume":"2","author":"Mao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2014.04.009","article-title":"Enhanced performance of CNT\/SnO2 thick film gas sensors towards hydrogen","volume":"147","author":"Majumdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2011.12.012","article-title":"Measurements on room temperature gas sensing properties of CSA doped polyaniline-ZnO nanocomposites","volume":"45","author":"Patil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.12.050","article-title":"MWCNT-conducting polymer composite based ammonia gas sensors; A new approach for complete recovery process","volume":"194","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901329","DOI":"10.1002\/admi.201901329","article-title":"Recent advances in emerging 2D material-based gas sensors: Potential in disease diagnosis","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1107\/S0021889811038970","article-title":"Vesta 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data","volume":"44","author":"Momma","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Crystallogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donarelli, M., and Ottaviano, L. (2018). 2D materials for gas sensing applications. A review on grapheme oxide, MoS2, WS2 and phosphorene. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113638"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00390-7","article-title":"Comparison study of SnO2 thin and thick-film gas sensors","volume":"67","author":"Lee","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7256","DOI":"10.1021\/jp0688355","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles and their gas-sensing of alcohol","volume":"111","author":"Chiu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.11.007","article-title":"ZnO gas sensors: A comparison between nanoparticles and nanoterapods\u2014Based thick films","volume":"137","author":"Carrotta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2017.08.229","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical flower-like ZnO nanostructure and its enhanced ethanol gas-sensing properties","volume":"427","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201026443","article-title":"Permittivity measurements in nanostructured TiO2 gas sensors","volume":"208","author":"Giberti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)01072-3","article-title":"Comparison of single and binary oxide MoO3, TiO2 and WO3 sol-gel gas sensors","volume":"83","author":"Galatsis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.080","article-title":"Ultrasensitive WO3 gas sensors for NO2 detection in air and low oxygen environment","volume":"239","author":"Vincent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Staerz, A., Weimar, U., and Barsan, N. (2016). Understanding the potential of WO3 based sensors for breath analysis. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111815"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.201202332","article-title":"The role of hierarchical morphologies in the superior gas sensing performance of CuO-based chemiresistors","volume":"23","author":"Volanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2013.04.100","article-title":"Facile microwave assisted hydrothermal synthesis of varied shaped CuO nanoparticles and their gas sensing properties","volume":"185","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2017.06.119","article-title":"Synthesis of multiple networked NiO nanostructures for enhanced gas sensing performance","volume":"206","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.09.027","article-title":"H2 gas sensor performance of NiO at high temperatures in gas mixtures","volume":"151","author":"Steinbach","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.01.054","article-title":"Investigations of conduction mechanism in Cr2O3 gas sensing thick films by ac impedance spectroscopy and work function changes measurements","volume":"113","author":"Pokhrel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.05.081","article-title":"Gas sensing characteristics of p-type Cr2O3 and Co3O4 nanofibers depending on inter-particle connectivity","volume":"202","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2020.114547","article-title":"Structural, morphological and textural properties of iron manganite (FeMnO3) thick films applied for humidity sensing","volume":"257","author":"Nikolic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripathy, A., Pramanik, S., Manna, A., Bhuyan, S., Shah, N.F.A., Radzi, Z., and Osman, N.A.A. (2016). Design and development for capacitive humidity sensor applications of lead-free Ca, Mg, Fe, Ti-oxides-based electro-ceramics with improved sensing properties via physisorption. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071135"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20534","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TA06221D","article-title":"Morphological zinc-stannate: Synthesis, fundamental properties and applications","volume":"5","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.08.027","article-title":"Spinel ferrite oxide semiconductor gas sensors","volume":"222","author":"Sutka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.13190","article-title":"Investigation of ZnFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanocrystalline screen-printed thick films for application in humidity sensing","volume":"16","author":"Nikolic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12070","DOI":"10.3390\/s130912070","article-title":"Strontium-doped hematite as a possible humidity sensing material for soil water content determination","volume":"13","author":"Tulliani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2004.06.015","article-title":"Influence of dopants on the electrical resistance of hematite-based humidity sensors","volume":"31","author":"Tulliani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2016.10.035","article-title":"Sm-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles: A novel sensing material for conductometric hydrogen leak sensor","volume":"43","author":"Falsafi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.127217","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective detection of dimethylamine through Nb doping of TiO2 nanotubes for potential use in seafood quality control","volume":"303","author":"Galstyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-019-01598-1","article-title":"Influence of humidity on complex impedance and dielectric properties of iron manganite (FeMnO3)","volume":"30","author":"Nikolic","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.09.063","article-title":"Humidity sensing properties of nanocrystalline pseudobrookite (Fe2TiO5) thick films","volume":"227","author":"Nikolic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.07.010","article-title":"ZnO sol-gel derived porous film for gas sensing","volume":"96","author":"Ryu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00496-2","article-title":"Analysis of vapors and foods by means of an electronic nose based on a sol-gel metal-oxide sensors array","volume":"69","author":"Capone","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4026","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.9b01176","article-title":"Electrospun ceramic fibers and hybrid nanofiber composites for gas sensing","volume":"2","author":"Mercante","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.12.097","article-title":"One step electrospun SnO2\/MOx heterostructured nanomaterials for highly selective gas sensor array integration","volume":"283","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(94)01247-4","article-title":"Fabrication of carbon dioxide gas sensor and its alarm system using indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films","volume":"21","author":"Patel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(95)85098-8","article-title":"Highly sensitive and selective H2S gas sensor from r.f. sputtered SnO2 thin film","volume":"25","author":"Mochida","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032138","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4746417","article-title":"Schottky barriers measurements through Arrhenius plots in gas sensors based on semiconductor films","volume":"2","author":"Schipani","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIP Adv."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.09.047","article-title":"Metal oxide-based sensor research: How to?","volume":"121","author":"Barsan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160051490","article-title":"Fundamental and practical aspects in the design of nanoscaled SnO2 sensors: A status report","volume":"365","author":"Barsan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fresneius J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160050844","article-title":"Correlation between XPS, Raman and TEM measurements and the gas sensitivity of Pt and Pd doped SnO2 based gas sensors","volume":"361","author":"Kappler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fresneius J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.11.012","article-title":"Development of high sensitivity ethanol gas sensors based on Pt-doped SnO2 surfaces","volume":"99","author":"Ivanov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.03.043","article-title":"Enhanced H2S sensing characteristics of Pt doped SnO2 nanofibers sensors with micro heater","volume":"157","author":"Dong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.01.028","article-title":"Semiconductor gas sensor based on Pd-doped SnO2 nanorod thin films","volume":"132","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.07.013","article-title":"Design of selective gas sensors using electrospun Pd-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers","volume":"150","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.09.010","article-title":"Microstructure and H2 gas sensing properties of undoped and Pd-doped SnO2 nanowires","volume":"135","author":"Shen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2006.05.004","article-title":"Preparation and Co gas sensing behavior of Au-doped SnO2 sensors","volume":"81","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2005.07.015","article-title":"CO sensor derived from mesostructured Au-doped SnO2 thin film","volume":"252","author":"Ramgir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00233-8","article-title":"p- and n-type Fe-doped SnO2 gas sensors fabricated by the mechanochemical processing technique","volume":"93","author":"Galatsis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.08.053","article-title":"The effect of Ni doping concentration on the gas sensing properties of Ni-doped SnO2","volume":"239","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.04.034","article-title":"Metal-oxide nanowire sensors for CO detection: Characterization and modeling","volume":"148","author":"Fort","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.11.125","article-title":"Constructing hierarchical SnO2 nanofiber\/nanosheets for efficient formaldehyde detection","volume":"283","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.01.117","article-title":"Rolled-up SnO2 nanomembranes: A new platform for efficient gas sensors","volume":"264","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.02.028","article-title":"A novel SnO2 gas sensor doped with carbon nanotubes operating at room temperature","volume":"101","author":"Wei","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3077","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5b00161","article-title":"Electrolytically exfoliated graphene-loaded flame-made Ni-doped SnO2 composite film for acetone sensing","volume":"7","author":"Singkammo","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2019.04.061","article-title":"Characteristics of Au-doped SnO2-ZnO heteronanostructures for gas sensing applications","volume":"166","author":"Lai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11135","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.7b03491","article-title":"Cu2+ doped SnO2 nanograin\/polypyrrole nanospheres with synergic enhanced properties for ultrasensitive room-temperature H2S gas sensing","volume":"89","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2008.03.035","article-title":"Properties of humidity sensing ZnO nanorods\u2014Base sensor fabricated by screen-printing","volume":"133","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4995","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/17\/19\/037","article-title":"Hydrothermally grown oriented ZnO nanorod arrays for gas sensing applications","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-014-0023-3","article-title":"Zinc oxide nanostructures for NO2 gas sensor applications","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moumen, A., Kaur, N., Poli, N., Zappa, D., and Comini, E. (2020). One dimensional ZnO nanostructures: Growth and chemical sensing performances. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10101940"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2017.10.021","article-title":"Room-temperature gas sensing of ZnO-based gas sensors: A review","volume":"267","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2019.06.329","article-title":"A review on recent progress of p-type nickel oxide based gas sensors. Future perspectives","volume":"805","author":"Mokoena","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3711","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2015.2391286","article-title":"On the ammonia gas sensing performance of a RF-sputtered NiO thin film sensor","volume":"15","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.028","article-title":"Synthesis and enhanced gas-sensing properties of ultralong nanowires assembled with NiO nanocrystals","volume":"156","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205701","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/27\/20\/205701","article-title":"Nickel oxide nanowires: Vapour liquid solid synthesis and integration into a gas sensing device","volume":"27","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.5b00123","article-title":"Design of superior ethanol gas sensor based on Al-doped NiO nanorod flowers","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.08.073","article-title":"Highly toluene sensing performance based on monodispersed Cr2O3 porous microspheres","volume":"174","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2015.06.023","article-title":"Highly sensitive low-temperature triethylamine sensor based on mesoporous microspheres","volume":"220","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.09.098","article-title":"A strategy for ultrasensitive and selective detection of methylamine using p-type Cr2O3: Morphological design of sensing materials, control of charge carrier concentrations and configurational tuning of Au catalysts","volume":"240","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1421","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2219(03)00442-4","article-title":"Cr2O3, WO3 single and Cr\/W binary oxide prepared by physical methods for gas sensing applications","volume":"24","author":"Cantalini","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Eur. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.09.020","article-title":"Metal oxide-based heterostructures for gas sensors\u2014A review","volume":"1039","author":"Zappa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00666-9","article-title":"CO sensing properties of titanium and iron oxide nanosized thin films","volume":"77","author":"Comini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40145","DOI":"10.1007\/s40145-018-0309-x","article-title":"TiO2\/WO3 heterogeneous structures prepared by electrospinning and sintering steps: Characterization and analysis of the impedance variation to humidity","volume":"8","author":"Araujo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Ceram."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181662","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.181662","article-title":"Role of the growth step on the structural, optical and surface features of TiO2\/SnO2 composites","volume":"6","author":"Rimoldi","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-017-8342-z","article-title":"Impedometric humidity sensing characteristics of SnO2 thin films and SnO2-ZnO composite thin films grown by magnetron sputtering","volume":"29","author":"Velumani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7509","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.2983135","article-title":"Nanocomposite Zn2SnO4\/SnO2 thick films as a humidity sensing material","volume":"20","author":"Nikolic","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nikolic, M.V., and Lukovic, M.D. (2020). Influence of SnO2 content on the humidity dependent impedance of the MgFe2O4-Fe2O3-SnO2 compound. Chemosensors, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors8020039"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.131","article-title":"Hollow CuFe2O4\/\u03b1-Fe2O3 composite with ultrathin porous shell for acetone detection at ppb levels","volume":"258","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.063","article-title":"SnO2 (n)\u2014NiO (p) composite nanowebs: Gas sensing properties and sensing mechanisms","volume":"258","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2018.06.030","article-title":"Low-temperature formaldehyde gas sensors based on NiO-SnO2 heterojunction microflowers assembled by thin porous nanosheets","volume":"273","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8796","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.7b00673","article-title":"Ultrasensitive room-temperature operable gas sensors using p-type Na:ZnO nanoflowers for diabetes detection","volume":"9","author":"Jaisutti","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2017.11.066","article-title":"How shell thickness can affect the gas sensing properties of nanostructured materials: Survey of literature","volume":"258","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2018.02.122","article-title":"Designing of WO3-SnO2 core-shell nanofibers and their enhanced gas sensing performance based on different work function","volume":"442","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.12.009","article-title":"Study on TiO2-SnO2 core shell heterostrucutre nanofibers with different work function and its application in gas sensor","volume":"248","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2019.03.198","article-title":"Hierarchical porous nanorod@core-shell \u03b1-Fe2O3\/TiO2 microspheres: Synthesis, characterization and gas sensing applications","volume":"481","author":"Jia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7733","DOI":"10.1021\/ic300749a","article-title":"NiO@ZnO heterostructured nanotubes: Coelectrospinning fabrication, characterization and highly enhanced gas sensing properties","volume":"51","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.11.001","article-title":"Polypyrrole materials for detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds","volume":"107","author":"Hamilton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2003.06.002","article-title":"Electrical properties of polypyrrole gas sensors fabricated under various pretreatment conditions","volume":"96","author":"Jun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2014.01.002","article-title":"Highly selective and sensitive room temperature NO2 gas sensor based on polypyrrole thin films","volume":"189","author":"Navale","year":"2014","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2009.07.057","article-title":"Flexible NH3 sensors fabricated by in-situ self-assembly of polypyrrole","volume":"80","author":"Su","year":"2009","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.3390\/met5031371","article-title":"Gas sensors based on electrodeposited polymers","volume":"15","author":"Lakard","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmt.2017.09.001","article-title":"Applications of conducting polymer composites to electrochemical sensors: A review","volume":"9","author":"Naveen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Mater. Today"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00719-5","article-title":"Conducting polymer composites: Novel materials for gas sensing","volume":"77","author":"Gangopadhyay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs2004.208","article-title":"Polymer-carbon black composite sensors in an Electronic nose for air-quality monitoring","volume":"29","author":"Ryan","year":"2004","journal-title":"MRS Bull."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shevade, A.V., Homer, M.L., Zhou, H., Jewell, A.D., Kisor, A.K., Manatt, K.S., Torres, J., Soler, J., Yen, S.-P.S., and Ryan, M.A. (2007). Development of the third generation JPL Electronic nose for International Space Station technology demonstration. SAE Tech. Pap.","DOI":"10.4271\/2007-01-3149"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.11.067","article-title":"Portable electronic nose system based on the carbon black-polymer composite sensor array","volume":"108","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2004.09.027","article-title":"CO gas sensing from ultrathin nano-composite conducting polymer film","volume":"106","author":"Ram","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-014-1160-6","article-title":"Conducting polymer composites with grapheme for use in chemical sensors and biosensors","volume":"181","author":"Lei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5453.622","article-title":"Nanotube molecular wires as chemical sensors","volume":"287","author":"Kong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5459.1801","article-title":"Extreme oxygen sensitivity of electronic properties of carbon nanotubes","volume":"287","author":"Collins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.05.080","article-title":"Carbon nanotube (CNT) gas sensors for emissions from fossil fuel burning","volume":"203","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00213-2","article-title":"A novel microelectronic gas sensor utilizing carbon nanotubes for hydrogen gas detection","volume":"93","author":"Wong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2011.04.186","article-title":"Gas sensors based on doped CNT\/SnO2 composites for NO2 detection at room temperature","volume":"520","author":"Leghrib","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thin Solid Film."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2020.00174","article-title":"The functionalized single-walled carbon nanotube gas sensor with Pd nanoparticles for hydrogen detection in high-voltage transformers","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445502","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/20\/44\/445502","article-title":"Reduced graphene oxide for room-temperature gas sensors","volume":"20","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat1967","article-title":"Detection of individual gas molecules adsorbed on graphene","volume":"6","author":"Schedin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neri, G. (2017). Thin 2D: The new dimensionality in gas sensing. Chemosensors, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/chemosensors5030021"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2018.03.307","article-title":"The hydrothermal synthesis of 3D hierarchical porous MoS2 microspheres assembled by nanosheets with excellent gas sensing properties","volume":"749","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037515","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0152003JES","article-title":"Recent exploration of two-dimensional MXenes for gas sensing: From a theoretical to an experimental view","volume":"167","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1021\/acssensors.9b00303","article-title":"Two dimensional vanadium carbide MXene for gas sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity toward non polar gases","volume":"4","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Sens."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"9","article-title":"Room temperature, highly durable Ti3C2TxMXene\/Graphene hybrid fibers for NH3 gas sensing","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poly.2018.06.037","article-title":"MOFs derived nanomaterials for gas sensing","volume":"152","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polyhedron"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2020.213272","article-title":"Diversiform metal-oxide based hybrid nanostructures for gas sensing with versatile prospects","volume":"413","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Coord. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L.J., Zhang, X.X., and Zhang, W.Y. (2020). Sulfur dioxide sensing properties of MOF-derived ZnFe2O4 functionalized with reduced graphene oxide at room temperature. Rare Met., 1\u201310. accepted for publication.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12598-020-01608-w"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907082","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201907082","article-title":"Geometrically structured nanomaterials for nanosensors, NEMS and nanosieves","volume":"32","author":"Jeo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2375203","article-title":"Technologies for printing sensors and electronics over large flexible substrates","volume":"15","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180703","DOI":"10.1002\/admt.201800703","article-title":"Fabrication of large-area bimodal sensors by all-inkjet printing","volume":"4","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","first-page":"1","article-title":"Recent advances in inkjet printing synthesis of functional metal oxides","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Particuology"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2018.05.006","article-title":"Tailoring metal oxide nanoparticle dispersions for inkjet printing","volume":"526","author":"Gebeauer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1038\/s41699-019-0125-3","article-title":"Inkjet printed CMOS integrated graphene-metal oxide sensors for breath analysis","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"NPJ 2D Mater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2016.06.042","article-title":"Fully inkjet printed SnO2 gas sensor on plastic substrate","volume":"236","author":"Rieu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6529","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2749334","article-title":"High performance CuO rectangles-based room temperature flexible NH3 sensor","volume":"17","author":"Sakthivel","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.11.050","article-title":"Drop-coated metal-oxide gas sensor on polyimide foil with reduced power consumption for wireless applications","volume":"161","author":"Corbat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00670-0","article-title":"Gas sensing properties of semiconductor heterolayer sensors fabricated y slide-off transfer printing","volume":"77","author":"Hyodo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.06.070","article-title":"Wafer-scale synthesis of grapheme by chemical vapor deposition and its application in hydrogen sensing","volume":"150","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosada-Ludwikowska, F., Winmer-Teubeubacher, R., Sagmeister, M., and K\u00f6en, A. (2019). Transfer printing technology as a straightforward method to fabricate chemical sensors based on tin-dioxide nanowires. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143049"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7392","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b13946","article-title":"Highly sensitive gas sensors based on grapheme nanoribons grown by chemical vapor deposition","volume":"12","author":"Sheklurev","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.09.034","article-title":"Gas sensing properties of novel CuO nanowire devices","volume":"187","author":"Steinhauer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2019.03.074","article-title":"Batch-fabricated CO gas sensor in large area (8-inch) with sub-10mW power operation","volume":"289","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2004448","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202004448","article-title":"Perfectly aligned, air-suspended nanowire array heater and its application in an always-on-gas sensor","volume":"30","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00241-5","article-title":"Temperature modulation in semiconductor gas sensing","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H., Zhang, L., Li, K.H.H., and Tan, O.K. (2018). Microhotplates for metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor applications\u2014Towards the CMOS-MEMS monolithic approach. Micromachines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/mi9110557"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1833","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2010.2046409","article-title":"CMOS interfacing for integrated gas sensors: A review","volume":"10","author":"Gardner","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"Jaaniso, R., and Tan, O.K. (2020). Chapter fourteen\u2014Integrated CMOS-based sensors for gas and odor detection. Semiconductor Gas Sensors, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"Jaaniso, R., and Tan, O.K. (2020). Chapter 13\u2014Micromachined semiconductor gas sensors. Semiconductor Gas Sensors, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruffer, D., Hoehne, F., and Buhler, J. (2018). Sensirion gas platform\u2014A milestone in the commercial application of MOx technology. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18041052"},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Global Market Insights, Inc. (2020, October 25). Gas sensors Market Size, Industry Analysis Report, Regional Outlook, Application Potential, Price Trend, Competitive Market Share & Forecast. Available online: www.gminsights.com\/industry-analysis\/gas-sensors-market-size."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"Grand View Research, Inc. (2020, October 25). Gas Sensor Market Size, Share & Trends Industry Analysis Report. Available online: www.grandviewresearch.com\/industry-analysis\/gas-sensors-market."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/35104535","article-title":"Smart single-chip gas sensor microsystem","volume":"414","author":"Hagleitner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804285","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201804285","article-title":"Printable fabrication of a fully integrated and self-powered sensor system on plastic substrates","volume":"31","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuretake, T., Kawahara, S., Motooka, M., and Uno, S. (2017). An electrochemical gas biosensor based on enzymes immobilized on chromatography paper for ethanol vapor detection. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020281"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Z., Zhang, L., Wang, X., He, D., Suo, H., and Zhao, C. (2020). Fabrication of ZnO\/Carbon quantum dots composite sensor for detecting NO gas. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20174961"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K., Shim, Y.-S., Song, Y.G., Han, S.D., Lee, Y.-S., and Kang, C.-Y. (2017). Highly sensitive sensors based on metal-oxide nanocolumns for fire detection. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17020303"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burgues, J., Hernandez, V., Lilienthal, A.J., and Marco, S. (2019). Smelling nano aerial vehicle for gas source localization and mapping. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030478"},{"key":"ref_175","unstructured":"(2020, October 21). Salmon Fillet Fish with Skin Packaged. Available online: https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Salmon_filet_fish_with_skin_packaged.jpg."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y., Liu, T., Ling, S.H., Szymanski, J., Zhang, W., and Su, S.W. (2019). Air quality monitoring for vulnerable groups in residential environments using a multiple hazard gas detector. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19020362"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bald\u00e9, H., VanderZaag, A., Smith, W., and Desjardins, R.L. (2019). Ammonia emissions measured using two different gas finder open-path lasers. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10050261"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, Y., Vincent, T.A., Cole, M., and Gardner, J.W. (2019). real-time thermal modulation of high-bandwidth MOX gas sensors for mobile robot applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051180"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/6.715180","article-title":"The how and why of electronic noses","volume":"9","author":"Nagle","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Spectr."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2017.12.036","article-title":"Semiconductor metal oxide gas sensors: A review","volume":"229","author":"Dey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"104","article-title":"Applications of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) in food quality related properties determination: A review","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Agric."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.04.070","article-title":"Hydrogen sensors\u2014A review","volume":"157","author":"Black","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"067528","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab7e23","article-title":"Review-Resistive type hydrogen sensors based on zinc-oxide nanostructures","volume":"167","author":"Ren","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_184","unstructured":"Jaaniso, R., and Tan, O.K. (2020). Chapter one\u2014Fundamentals of semi-conductor gas sensors. Semiconductor Gas Sensors, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_185","unstructured":"(2020, November 08). Gas Sensors and Modules. Available online: https:\/\/www.figaro.co.jp\/en\/product\/sensor."},{"key":"ref_186","unstructured":"(2020, November 08). Gas Boilers from Vaillant. Available online: https:\/\/www.vaillant.co.uk\/homeowners\/products\/gas-boiler-range\/."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12418","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2939039","article-title":"FireNose on mobile robot in harsh environments","volume":"19","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacin, J., Martinez, D., Clotet, E., Palleja, T., Burgues, J., Fonollosa, J., Pardo, A., and Marco, S. (2019). Application of an array of metal-oxide semiconductor gas sensors in an assistant personal robot for early gas leak detection. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19091957"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4508","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.6b01713","article-title":"High resolution p-type metal oxide semiconductor nanowire array as an ultrasensitive sensor for volatile organic compounds","volume":"16","author":"Cho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1021\/ar400070m","article-title":"Sensors for breath testing: From nano-materials to comprehensive disease detection","volume":"47","author":"Konvalina","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2014.03.014","article-title":"Solid-state gas sensors for breath analysis: A review","volume":"824","author":"Paolesse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaeschke, C., Gonzalez, O., Gl\u00f6ckler, J.J., Hagemann, L.T., Richardson, K.E., Androver, F., Padilla, M., Mitrovics, J., and Mizaikoff, B. (2018). A novel modular eNose system based on commercial MOX sensors to detect low concentrations of VOCs for breath gas analysis. Proceedings, 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2130993"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaeschke, C., Gonzalez, O., Padilla, M., Richardson, K., Gl\u00f6ckler, J., Mitrovics, J., and Mizaikoff, B. (2019). A novel modular system for breatch analysis using temperature modulated MOX sensors. Proceedings, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/proceedings2019014049"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2588","DOI":"10.1021\/am405088q","article-title":"Selective detection of acetone and hydrogen sulfide for diagnosis of diabetes and halitosis using SnO2 nanofibers functionalized with reduced graphene oxide nanosheets","volume":"6","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Ali, S., and Bemak, A. (2019). Recent developments in printing flexible wearable sensing electronics for healthcare applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051230"},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11991","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA01184B","article-title":"Highly sensitive and wearable gas sensors consisting of chemically functionalized graphene oxide assembled on cotton yarn","volume":"8","author":"Kang","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA07855J","article-title":"Novel gas sensing platform based on a stretchable laser-induced graphene pattern with self-heating capabilities","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaaniso, R., and Tan, O.K. (2013). Chapter thirteen\u2014Metal oxide semi-conductor gas sensors in environmental monitoring. Semiconductor Gas Sensors, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857098665"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, P.J.D., Aujla, A., Grant, K.H., Brundle, A.G., Thompson, M.R., Vande Hey, J., and Leigh, R.J. (2017). Practical use of metal oxide semiconductor gas sensors for measuring nitrogen dioxide and ozone in urban environments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071653"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2003.820330","article-title":"Improvement in sensitivity and selectivity of InP-based gas sensors: Pseudo-Schottky diodes with palladium metallizations","volume":"4","author":"Talazac","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2017.2657788","article-title":"Single chip gas sensor array for air quality monitoring","volume":"26","author":"Prajapati","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Orellana, C.J., Macias-Macias, M., Gonzales-Verasco, H.M., Garcia-Manso, A., and Gallardo-Caballero, R. (2019). Low power and low cost environmental IoT electronic nose using initial action periodic measurements. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19143183"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2015.2506319","article-title":"Autonomous gas detection and mapping with unmanned aerial vehicles","volume":"65","author":"Rossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa, T.F., Gonzalez, F., Miljievic, F.B., Ristovski, Z.D., and Morawska, L. (2016). An overview of small unmanned aerial vehicles for air quality measurements: Present applications and future prospectives. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16071072"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comini, E., Faglia, G., and Sberveglieri, G. (2009). Microfabrication of gas sensors. Solid State Gas Sensing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-09665-0"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2006.881399","article-title":"MEMS gas-sensor array for monitoring the perceived car-cabin air quality","volume":"6","author":"Blaschke","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"(2020, November 08). NANOZ\u2014The Smallest Selective Gas Sensor You Have Seen So Far. Available online: https:\/\/www.nanoz-group.eu."},{"key":"ref_208","unstructured":"(2020, November 09). Metal Oxide Sensors. Available online: https:\/\/www.sgxsensortech.com\/products-services\/industrial-safety\/metal-oxide-sensors\/."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-07-2015-0115","article-title":"Food quality and safety monitoring using gas sensor array in intelligent packaging","volume":"36","author":"Matindoust","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(95)85177-1","article-title":"Application of semiconductor gas sensor to quality control of meat freshness in food industry","volume":"25","author":"Funazaki","year":"1995","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6058","DOI":"10.3390\/s90806058","article-title":"Meat quality assessment by electronic nose (machine olfaction technology)","volume":"9","author":"Mohtasebi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00fcller, P., and Schmid, M. (2019). Intelligent packaging in the food sector: A brief overview. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8010016"},{"key":"ref_213","first-page":"4046061","article-title":"Intelligent packaging systems: Sensors and nanosensors to monitor food quality and safety","volume":"2016","author":"Fuertes","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sens."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6694\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:36:02Z","timestamp":1760178962000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/22\/6694"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"references-count":213,"journal-issue":{"issue":"22","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s20226694"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20226694","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]}}}