{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:01:59Z","timestamp":1773687719004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Irish Research Council and Environmental Protection Agency Ireland","award":["GOIPG\/2019\/2184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GOIPG\/2019\/2184"]}]},{"name":"Niger Delta Development Corporation","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the potential use of energy harvesters as structural health monitors show promise, numerical models related to the design, deployment and performance of such monitors often present significant challenges. One such challenge lies in the problem of leak detection in fluid-carrying pipes. Recent advances in experimental studies on energy harvesters for such monitoring has been promising but there is a paucity in existing literature in linking relevant fluid\u2013structure interaction models around such applications. This paper addresses the abovementioned issue by developing a numerical model with Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Finite Element (FE) tools and carries out extensive analyses to compare it with existing experiments under controlled laboratory conditions. Conventional Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) films for leak detection and monitoring of water pipes were considered in this regard. The work provides guidelines on parameter selection and modeling for experimental design and repeatability of results for these types of experiments in future, around the demands of leak monitoring. The usefulness of such models is also demonstrated through the ability to estimate the optimum distribution frequency of these sensors that will enable the detection of the smallest leak of consequence under a known or established flow condition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:06:28Z","timestamp":1606208788000},"page":"6708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["A Numerical Model for Experimental Designs of Vibration-Based Leak Detection and Monitoring of Water Pipes Using Piezoelectric Patches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Favour","family":"Okosun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) MaREI Centre, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"The Energy Institute, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7807-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mert","family":"Celikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Design and Processing Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"I- Form, the SFI Research Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, D04 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-3521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vikram","family":"Pakrashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dynamical Systems and Risk Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) MaREI Centre, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"},{"name":"The Energy Institute, University College Dublin, D04 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Shin, J., Song, C., Han, S., and Park, D. 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