{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:26:50Z","timestamp":1760239610964,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008397","name":"Velux Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22357"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008397","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Brain- and muscle-triggered exoskeletons have been proposed as a means for motor training after a stroke. With the possibility of performing different movement types with an exoskeleton, it is possible to introduce task variability in training. It is difficult to decode different movement types simultaneously from brain activity, but it may be possible from residual muscle activity that many patients have or quickly regain. This study investigates whether nine different motion classes of the hand and forearm could be decoded from forearm EMG in 15 stroke patients. This study also evaluates the test-retest reliability of a classical, but simple, classifier (linear discriminant analysis) and advanced, but more computationally intensive, classifiers (autoencoders and convolutional neural networks). Moreover, the association between the level of motor impairment and classification accuracy was tested. Three channels of surface EMG were recorded during the following motion classes: Hand Close, Hand Open, Wrist Extension, Wrist Flexion, Supination, Pronation, Lateral Grasp, Pinch Grasp, and Rest. Six repetitions of each motion class were performed on two different days. Hudgins time-domain features were extracted and classified using linear discriminant analysis and autoencoders, and raw EMG was classified with convolutional neural networks. On average, 79 \u00b1 12% and 80 \u00b1 12% (autoencoders) of the movements were correctly classified for days 1 and 2, respectively, with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.88. No association was found between the level of motor impairment and classification accuracy (Spearman correlation: 0.24). It was shown that nine motion classes could be decoded from residual EMG, with autoencoders being the best classification approach, and that the results were reliable across days; this may have implications for the development of EMG-controlled exoskeletons for training in the patient\u2019s home.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1606381455000},"page":"6763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Decoding Attempted Hand Movements in Stroke Patients Using Surface Electromyography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7729-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mads","family":"Jochumsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg \u00d8st, Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8752-7224","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran Khan","family":"Niazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg \u00d8st, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"},{"name":"Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, AUT University, Auckland 1010, New Zealand"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6141-3648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zia ur Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Sciences &amp; Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imran","family":"Amjad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Chiropractic Research, New Zealand College of Chiropractic, Auckland 1060, New Zealand"},{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Sciences &amp; Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Rehabilitation and Allied Sciences &amp; Faculty of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5654-7863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Omer","family":"Gilani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering &amp; Sciences, School of Mechanical &amp; Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0190-0700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asim","family":"Waris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering &amp; Sciences, School of Mechanical &amp; Manufacturing Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"WHO MONICA Project Principal Investigators (1988). 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PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186132"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6763\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:37:46Z","timestamp":1760179066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6763"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s20236763"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20236763","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]}}}