{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T11:53:48Z","timestamp":1768478028266,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Magyar Tudom\u00e1nyos Akad\u00e9mia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Bolyai J\u00e1nos Research Scholarship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Bolyai J\u00e1nos Research Scholarship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004895","name":"European Social Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004895","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011019","name":"Nemzeti Kutat\u00e1si Fejleszt\u00e9si \u00e9s Innov\u00e1ci\u00f3s Hivatal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["135700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["135700"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011019","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NKFIH-1159-6\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NKFIH-1159-6\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015498","name":"Ministry for Innovation and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["\u00daNKP-20-3-II-SZIE-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-20-3-II-SZIE-12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015498","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The chemical composition of bee pollens differs greatly and depends primarily on the botanical origin of the product. Therefore, it is a crucially important task to discriminate pollens of different plant species. In our work, we aim to determine the applicability of microscopic pollen analysis, spectral colour measurement, sensory, NIR spectroscopy, e-nose and e-tongue methods for the classification of bee pollen of five different botanical origins. Chemometric methods (PCA, LDA) were used to classify bee pollen loads by analysing the statistical pattern of the samples and to determine the independent and combined effects of the above-mentioned methods. The results of the microscopic analysis identified 100% of sunflower, red clover, rapeseed and two polyfloral pollens mainly containing lakeshore bulrush and spiny plumeless thistle. The colour profiles of the samples were different for the five different samples. E-nose and NIR provided 100% classification accuracy, while e-tongue &gt; 94% classification accuracy for the botanical origin identification using LDA. Partial least square regression (PLS) results built to regress on the sensory and spectral colour attributes using the fused data of NIR spectroscopy, e-nose and e-tongue showed higher than 0.8 R2 during the validation except for one attribute, which was much higher compared to the independent models built for instruments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1606381455000},"page":"6768","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Classification of Bee Pollen and Prediction of Sensory and Colorimetric Attributes\u2014A Sensometric Fusion Approach by e-Nose, e-Tongue and NIR"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4584-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Sipos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Commercial and Sensory Science, Department of Postharvest, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 39\u201343 Vill\u00e1nyi Street, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"V\u00e9gh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition Science, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 14\u201316 Soml\u00f3i Street, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1577-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zsanett","family":"Bodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Measurement and Process Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 14\u201316 Soml\u00f3i Street, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2058-4416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John-Lewis Zinia","family":"Zaukuu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Measurement and Process Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 14\u201316 Soml\u00f3i Street, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0942-8102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9za","family":"Hitka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Commercial and Sensory Science, Department of Postharvest, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 39\u201343 Vill\u00e1nyi Street, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9829-4366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy","family":"B\u00e1z\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science and Production Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 40 Guba S\u00e1ndor Street, 7400 Kaposv\u00e1r, Hungary"},{"name":"ADEXGO Ltd., 13 Lapostelki Street, 8230 Balatonf\u00fcred, Hungary"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0641-8830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoltan","family":"Kovacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Measurement and Process Control, Faculty of Food Science, Szent Istv\u00e1n University, 14\u201316 Soml\u00f3i Street, 1118 Budapest, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2015.1078220","article-title":"Honey bees and their products: Bioindicators of environmental contamination","volume":"46","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. 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