{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T10:43:07Z","timestamp":1777804987356,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The concerns related to particulate matter\u2019s health effects alongside the increasing demands from citizens for more participatory, timely, and diffused air quality monitoring actions have resulted in increasing scientific and industrial interest in low-cost particulate matter sensors (LCPMS). In the present paper, we discuss 50 LCPMS models, a number that is particularly meaningful when compared to the much smaller number of models described in other recent reviews on the same topic. After illustrating the basic definitions related to particulate matter (PM) and its measurements according to international regulations, the device\u2019s operating principle is presented, focusing on a discussion of the several characterization methodologies proposed by various research groups, both in the lab and in the field, along with their possible limitations. We present an extensive review of the LCPMS currently available on the market, their electronic characteristics, and their applications in published literature and from specific tests. Most of the reviewed LCPMS can accurately monitor PM changes in the environment and exhibit good performances with accuracy that, in some conditions, can reach R2 values up to 0.99. However, such results strongly depend on whether the device is calibrated or not (using a reference method) in the operative environment; if not, R2 values lower than 0.5 are observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"6819","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["A Review of Low-Cost Particulate Matter Sensors from the Developers\u2019 Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1091-4522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brigida","family":"Alfano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7628-524X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Barretta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80100 Napoli, Italy"},{"name":"STmicroelectronics, via R. De Feo, Arzano, 80022 Napoli, Italy"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Del Giudice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0745-924X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saverio","family":"De Vito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Girolamo","family":"Di Francia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Formisano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0613-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ettore","family":"Massera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-7977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Lucia","family":"Miglietta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7482-2398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiziana","family":"Polichetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENEA CR-Portici, TERIN-FSD Department, P.le E. Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haklay, M., and Eleta, I. (2019). On the front line of community-led air quality monitoring. Integrating Human Health into Urban and Transport Planning, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74983-9_27"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowthwaite, L., and Sprinks, J. (2019). Citizen science and the professional-amateur divide: Lessons from differing online practices. J. Sci. Commun., 18.","DOI":"10.22323\/2.18010206"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"EPA (2019, September 30). Criteria Air Pollutants, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/criteria-air-pollutants."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2019, September 30). Searched Topics: PM Pollution, NO2 Pollution, CO Pollution, PM Pollution, O3 Pollution. Available online: https:\/\/trends.google.com\/trends."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.10.005","article-title":"A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter","volume":"74","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114732","article-title":"Role of the chronic air pollution levels in the Covid-19 outbreak risk in Italy","volume":"264","author":"Fattorini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138704","article-title":"Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: Evidence from China","volume":"727","author":"Yongjian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Nethery, R.C., Sabath, M.B., Braun, D., and Dominici, F. (2020). Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States: A nationwide cross-sectional study. MedRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.05.20054502"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"EPA (2019, September 30). Clean Air Act Text, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/clean-air-act-overview\/clean-air-act-text."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"EEA (2019, September 30). Environmental Policy Document Catalogue. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/policy-documents\/directive-2008\u201350-ec-of."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"EEA (2019, September 30). Air Quality in Europe. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/air-quality-in-europe-2018."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Committee on Environment, Natural Resources, and Sustainability of the National Science and Technology Council (2019, September 30). Air Quality Observation Systems in the United States, Available online: https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/microsites\/ostp\/NSTC\/air_quality_obs_2013.pdf."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, X., Semanjski, I., Gautama, S., Tsiligianni, E., Deligiannis, N., Rajan, R.T., Pasveer, F., and Philips, W. (2017). A review of urban air pollution monitoring and exposure assessment methods. ISPRS Int. J. Geo Inf., 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi6120389"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Wroblewski, A., and Mathe, F. (2020, November 25). Theme Modelisation et Traitements Numeriques-Etude N 6\/5 2011 Bilan du Parc de Stations de Mesure D\u2019aasqa Impliquees dans la Modelisation. Available online: https:\/\/www.lcsqa.org\/system\/files\/rf_bilan_parc_stations_modelisation_annexes_2011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.5572\/ajae.2019.13.1.039","article-title":"Satellite and local measurements based services for air quality improvement","volume":"13","author":"Loenen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J. Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"208","article-title":"Air pollution modeling","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Res. Ideas Innov. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Sabatino, S., Buccolieri, R., and Kumar, P. (2018). Spatial distribution of air pollutants in cities. Clinical Handbook of Air Pollution-Related Diseases, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62731-1_5"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.11.019","article-title":"The rise of low-cost sensing for managing air pollution in cities","volume":"75","author":"Kumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"EPA (2020, November 23). List of Designated Reference and Equivalent Methods, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sites\/production\/files\/2019-08\/documents\/designated_reference_and-equivalent_methods.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.04.018","article-title":"Applications of low-cost sensing technologies for air quality monitoring and exposure assessment: How far have they gone?","volume":"116","author":"Morawska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"UIA (2019, September 30). Air Quality. Available online: https:\/\/www.uia-initiative.eu\/en\/air-quality."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"EPA (2020, November 23). Deliberating Performance Targets for Air Quality Sensors Workshops, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-research\/deliberating-performance-targets-air-quality-sensors-workshops."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2016.12.007","article-title":"Can commercial low-cost sensor platforms contribute to air quality monitoring and exposure estimates?","volume":"99","author":"Castell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahern, D.M. (2018). Regulatory arbitrage in a fintech world: Devising an optimal; EU regulatory response to crowdlending. Eur. Bank. Inst. Res. Paper Ser.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3163728"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"100034","article-title":"Observed data quality concerns involving low-cost air sensors","volume":"3","author":"Clements","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ. X"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2014.11.008","article-title":"Deriving high-resolution urban air pollution maps using mobile sensor nodes","volume":"16","author":"Hasenfratz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.06.266","article-title":"End-user perspective of low-cost sensors for outdoor air pollution monitoring","volume":"607","author":"Rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Madou, M.J., and Morrison, S.R. (2012). Chemical Sensing with Solid State Devices, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"037570","DOI":"10.1149\/1945-7111\/ab729c","article-title":"Choice\u2014Critical review\u2014A Critical review of solid state gas sensors","volume":"167","author":"Hunter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Electr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NA00303C","article-title":"Gas sensors using ordered macroporous oxide nanostructures","volume":"1","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budde, M., Busse, M., and Beigl, M. (2012, January 11\u201314). Investigating the Use of Commodity Dust Sensors for the Embedded Measurement of Particulate Matter. Proceedings of the 2012 Ninth International Conference on Networked Sensing (INSS) US, Antwerp, Belgium.","DOI":"10.1109\/INSS.2012.6240545"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.12.045","article-title":"Characteristics and applications of small, portable gaseous air pollution monitors","volume":"223","author":"McKercher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.5094\/APR.2015.015","article-title":"Air quality policy in the US and the EU\u2013A review","volume":"6","author":"Kuklinska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"EPA (2019, November 23). Table of Historical Particulate Matter (PM) National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pm-pollution\/table-historical-particulate-matter-pm-national-ambient-air-quality-standards-naaqs."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1987). Revisions to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Federal Regist., 52, 24634\u201324669."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (1997). National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. Federal Regist., 62, 25998\u201326040."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(02)00459-6","article-title":"Setting ambient air quality standards for particulate matter","volume":"181","author":"McClellan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snider, G., Weagle, C.L., Murdymootoo, K.K., Ring, A., Ritchie, Y., Stone, E., Walsh, A., Akoshile, C., Anh, N.X., and Balasubramanian, R. (2016). Variation in global chemical composition of PM2.5: Emerging results from SPARTAN. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-16-9629-2016"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1080\/08958370701866008","article-title":"Health effects of organic aerosols","volume":"20","author":"Mauderly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inhal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/62.1.6","article-title":"Diesel emissions: Is more health research still needed?","volume":"62","author":"Mauderly","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.12.057","article-title":"Airborne particulate matter, platinum group elements and human health: A review of recent evidence","volume":"407","author":"Wiseman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.02.029","article-title":"Sources, health effects and control strategies of indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5): A review","volume":"586","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1039\/c3em00209h","article-title":"Real-time particle monitor calibration factors and PM2.5 emission factors for multiple indoor sources","volume":"15","author":"Dacunto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Proc. Impacts"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"79","article-title":"Fine particulate matter in the indoor air of barbeque restaurants: Elemental compositions, sources and health risks","volume":"454","author":"Taner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2012.09.0238","article-title":"Determination of size-dependent source emission rate of cooking-generated aerosol particles at the oil-heating stage in an experimental kitchen","volume":"13","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Q. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7624","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00211","article-title":"Spatial\u2013temporal dispersion of aerosolized nanoparticles during the use of consumer spray products and estimates of inhalation exposure","volume":"51","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"(2019, September 30). Source Profiles for Europe Database. Available online: https:\/\/source-apportionment.jrc.ec.europa.eu\/Specieurope\/sources.aspx."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2020, November 23). GUIDANCE ON PM2.5 MEASUREMENT UNDER DIRECTIVE 1999\/30\/EC. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/archives\/cafe\/pdf\/steering_technical_group\/guidancepm.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Gilliam, J., and Hall, E. (2016). Reference and Equivalent Methods Used to Measure National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) Criteria Air Pollutants\u2014Volume, I."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"147","article-title":"Integrating sensor monitoring technology into the current air pollution regulatory support paradigm: Practical considerations","volume":"4","author":"Hall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kulkarni, P., Baron, P.A., and Willeke, K. (2011). Optical Measurement Techniques: Fundamentals and Applications in Aerosol Measurement: Principles, Techniques and Applications, John Wiley & Sons. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118001684"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Webb, P.A. (2000). Particle Sizing by Static Laser Light Scattering, Technical Workshop Series Micromeritics, Micromeritics Instrument Corp."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Friedlander, S.K. (2000). Smoke, Dust, and Haze, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/andp.19083300302","article-title":"Beitr\u00e4ge zur optik tr\u00fcber medien, speziell kolloidaler metall\u00f6sungen","volume":"330","author":"Mie","year":"1908","journal-title":"Ann. Phys."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2018.1533531","article-title":"Evaluating the feasibility of a personal particle exposure monitor in outdoor and indoor microenvironments in Shanghai, China","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Health Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.10.003","article-title":"Development of an environmental chamber for evaluating the performance of low-cost air quality sensors under controlled conditions","volume":"171","author":"Papapostolou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavaliere, A., Carotenuto, F., Di Gennaro, F., Gioli, B., Gualtieri, G., Martelli, F., Matese, A., Toscano, P., Vagnoli, C., and Zaldei, A. (2018). Development of low-cost air quality stations for next generation monitoring networks: Calibration and validation of PM2.5 and PM10 sensors. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092843"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235554","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7973336","article-title":"Guest Editorial Particle Sizing and Spray Analysis","volume":"23","author":"Chigier","year":"1984","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agranovski, I. (2011). Aerosols: Science and Technology, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527630134"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-8502(82)90050-7","article-title":"Pulse interval and pulse width measurements in determining the flow characteristics in the viewing volume of single particle optical counters","volume":"13","author":"Janka","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Aerosol Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065901","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6501\/ab7167","article-title":"Digital pulse analyzer for simultaneous measurement of pulse height, pulse width, and interval time on an optical particle counter","volume":"31","author":"Saputra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carrat\u00f9, M., Ferro, M., Paciello, V., Sommella, P., Lundgren, J., and O\u2019Nils, M. (2020, January 22\u201324). Wireless Sensor Network Calibration for PM10 Measurement. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Virtual Environments for Measurement Systems and Applications (CIVEMSA), Tunis, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CIVEMSA48639.2020.9132973"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2015.1100710","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation and calibration of three low-cost particle sensors for particulate matter measurement","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Austin, E., Novosselov, I., Seto, E., and Yost, M.G. (2015). Laboratory evaluation of the Shinyei PPD42NS low-cost particulate matter sensor. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141928"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1162901","article-title":"Inter-comparison of low-cost sensors for measuring the mass concentration of occupational aerosols","volume":"50","author":"Sousan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"(2020, November 10). AQSPEC Field Evaluation, Available online: http:\/\/www.aqmd.gov\/aq-spec\/evaluations\/field."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.12.0611","article-title":"Aerosol chamber characterization for commercial particulate matter (pm) sensor evaluation","volume":"19","author":"Hapidin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Q. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12615","article-title":"Extensive evaluation and classification of low-cost dust sensors in laboratory using a newly developed test method","volume":"30","author":"Ahn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indoor Air"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2020.117264","article-title":"Envilution\u2122\u2019chamber for performance evaluation of low-cost sensors","volume":"223","author":"Omidvarborna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulot, F.M.J., Russell, H.S., Rezaei, M., Johnson, M.S., Ossont, S.J.J., Morris, A.K.R., and Cox, S.J. (2020). Laboratory comparison of low-cost particulate matter sensors to measure transient events of pollution. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082219"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2018.1468565","article-title":"Laboratory evaluation of a low-cost, real-time, aerosol multi-sensor","volume":"15","author":"Vercellino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.08.035","article-title":"On the use of small and cheaper sensors and devices for indicative citizen-based monitoring of respirable particulate matter","volume":"206","author":"Bartonova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2018.1513636","article-title":"Aerosol size distribution measurement of electronic cigarette emissions using combined differential mobility and inertial impaction methods: Smoking machine and puff topography influence","volume":"52","author":"Mikheev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"377","article-title":"Particle sizes of aerosols produced by nine indoor perfumes and deodorants","volume":"3","author":"Bertholon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Monit. Anal."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, K.K., Bergin, M.H., Russell, A.G., and Hagler, G.S. (2016). Using low cost sensors to measure ambient particulate matter concentrations and on-road emissions factors. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Dis., 1\u201322.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2015-331"},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"838","article-title":"Field and laboratory evaluations of the low-cost Plantower particulate matter sensor","volume":"53","author":"Xiong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.02.043","article-title":"Design and performance of a single-pass bubbling bioaerosol generator","volume":"39","author":"Mainelis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"159","article-title":"Metered dose inhalers and spacer devices","volume":"3","author":"Terzano","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Song, X., Zhan, S., Hu, J., and Tan, W. (2017). Investigation of influence factors on particle size measurement with pMDI. Biomedical Research, Allied Academies."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.11.065","article-title":"Long-term field evaluation of the Plantower PMS low-cost particulate matter sensors","volume":"245","author":"Sayahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43716-3","article-title":"Long-term field comparison of multiple low-cost particulate matter sensors in an outdoor urban environment","volume":"9","author":"Bulot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badura, M., Batog, P., Drzeniecka-Osiadacz, A., and Modzel, P. (2018). Evaluation of low-cost sensors for ambient PM2.5 monitoring. J. Sensors, 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5096540"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19667","DOI":"10.3390\/s150819667","article-title":"Towards the development of a low cost airborne sensing system to monitor dust particles after blasting at open-pit mine sites","volume":"15","author":"Alvarado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"(2020, November 10). AQSPEC Field Test Protocols, Available online: http:\/\/www.aqmd.gov\/docs\/default-source\/aq-spec\/protocols\/sensors-field-testing-protocol.pdf?sfvrsn=0."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2020, November 10). AQSPEC PM Sensing Performance Report, Available online: http:\/\/www.aqmd.gov\/aq-spec\/evaluations\/summary-pm."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1","article-title":"Multifaceted health impacts of particulate matter (pm) and its management: An overview","volume":"4","author":"Rai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Skept. Critic"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"EPA (2020, November 10). Air Sensor Toolbox, Available online: https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/air-sensor-toolbox."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferlito, S., Bosso, F., De Vito, S., Esposito, E., and Di Francia, G. (2019). LSTM Networks for Particulate Matter Concentration Forecasting in AISEM Annual Conference on Sensors and Microsystems, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-37558-4_61"},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Lewis, A., Peltier, W.R., and von Schneidemesser, E. (2018). Low-Cost Sensors for the Measurement of Atmospheric Composition: Overview of Topic and Future Applications, World Meteorological Organization (WMO)."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"605","article-title":"Field calibrations of a low-cost aerosol sensor at a regulatory monitoring site in California","volume":"7","author":"Holstius","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reece, S., Williams, R., Col\u00f3n, M., Huertas, E., O\u2019Shea, M., Sheridan, P., and Wyrzykowska, B. (2017, January 15\u201330). Low Cost Air Quality Sensor Deployment and Citizen Science: The Pe\u00f1uelas Project. Proceedings of the 4th International Electronic Conference on Sensors and Applications, Basel, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-4-04937"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.013","article-title":"A distributed network of low-cost continuous reading sensors to measure spatiotemporal variations of PM2.5 in Xi\u2019an, China","volume":"199","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crilley, L.R., Shaw, M., Pound, R., Kramer, L.J., Price, R., Young, S., Lewis, A.C., and Pope, F.D. (2018). Evaluation of a low-cost optical particle counter (Alphasense OPC-N2) for ambient air monitoring. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 709\u2013720.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-709-2018"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Antonio, A., Popoola, O.A., Ouyang, B., Saffell, J., and Jones, R.L. (2018). Developing a relative humidity correction for low-cost sensors measuring ambient particulate matter. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18092790"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gysel, M., Crosier, J., Topping, D., Whitehead, J., Bower, K., Cubison, M., Williams, P., Flynn, M., McFiggans, G., and Coe, H. (2007). Closure study between chemical composition and hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles during TORCH2. Nucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-6475-3_144"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, T. (2018). Field evaluation of low-cost particulate matter sensors in high and low concentration environments. [Ph.D. Thesis, Duke University].","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2018-111"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2019.06.026","article-title":"Examining spatiotemporal variability of urban particulate matter and application of high-time resolution data from a network of low-cost air pollution sensors","volume":"213","author":"Feinberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-4605-2018","article-title":"Long-term evaluation of air sensor technology under ambient conditions in Denver, Colorado","volume":"11","author":"Feinberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.056","article-title":"Estimation of particle mass concentration in ambient air using a particle counter","volume":"42","author":"Tittarelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hojaiji, H., Kalantarian, H., Bui, A.A., King, C.E., and Sarrafzadeh, M. (2017, January 13\u201315). Temperature and humidity calibration of a low-cost wireless dust sensor for real-time monitoring. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Glassboro, NJ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2017.7894056"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.08.028","article-title":"Assessment of air quality microsensors versus reference methods: The EuNetAir Joint Exercise\u2013Part II","volume":"193","author":"Borrego","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, C.C., Kuo, C.T., Chen, S.Y., Lin, C.H., Chue, J.J., Hsieh, Y.J., Cheng, C.W., Wu, C.M., and Huang, C.M. (2018, January 26\u201330). Calibration of low-cost particle sensors by using machine-learning method. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Asia Pacific Conference on Circuits and Systems (APCCAS), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/APCCAS.2018.8605619"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Budde, M., El Masri, R., Riedel, T., and Beigl, M. (2013, January 2\u20135). Enabling low-cost particulate matter measurement for participatory sensing scenarios. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia, Lule\u00e5, Sweden.","DOI":"10.1145\/2541831.2541859"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.09.042","article-title":"Node-to-node field calibration of wireless distributed air pollution sensor network","volume":"233","author":"Kizel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasenfratz, D., Saukh, O., and Thiele, L. (2012). On-the-Fly Calibration of Low-Cost Gas Sensors in European Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-28169-3_15"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127869","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2020.127869","article-title":"On the robustness of field calibration for smart air quality monitors","volume":"310","author":"Esposito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sensors Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng, T., Bergin, M.H., Sutaria, R., Tripathi, S.N., Caldow, R., and Carlson, D.E. (2019). Gaussian process regression model for dynamically calibrating a wireless low-cost particulate matter sensor network in Delhi. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Dis.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2019-55"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.11.0424","article-title":"Long-term Field Evaluation of Low-cost Particulate Matter Sensors in Nanjing","volume":"20","author":"Bai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Q. Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H., Kang, J., Kim, S., Im, Y., Yoo, S., and Lee, D. (2020). Long-Term Evaluation and Calibration of Low-Cost Particulate Matter (PM) Sensor. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20133617"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13638","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3010316","article-title":"Intelligent Calibration and Virtual Sensing for Integrated Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors","volume":"20","author":"Zaidan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Sensors J."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-1693-2020","article-title":"Evaluation and calibration of a low-cost particle sensor in ambient conditions using machine-learning methods","volume":"13","author":"Si","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W.V., Lung, S.C., and Liu, C. (2020). Application of Machine Learning for the in-Field Correction of a PM2.5 Low-Cost Sensor Network. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20175002"},{"key":"ref_113","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Nova Sensor SDS011 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www-sd-nf.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs. com\/%E5%AE%98%E7%BD%91%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD\/SDS011%20laser%20PM2.5%20sensor%20specification-V1.4.pdf."},{"key":"ref_114","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Alphasense OPC-N2 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/stg-uneplive.unep.org\/media\/aqm_ document_v1\/Blue%20Print\/Components\/Microcomputer%20and%20sensors\/B.%20Dust%20Sensor%20Specifications\/B.1%20Alphasense%20OPC%20N1\/OPC-N2.pdf."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Alphasense OPC-R1 Sensor Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www.alphasense.com\/WEB1213\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2019\/08\/OPC-R1.pdf."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Alphasense OPC-N3 Sensor Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www.alphasense.com\/WEB1213\/wpcontent\/uploads\/2019\/03\/OPC-N3.pdf."},{"key":"ref_117","unstructured":"(2020, October 01). Available online: https:\/\/tera-sensor.com\/technology\/."},{"key":"ref_118","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Sensirion SPS30 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.sensirion.com\/en\/download-center\/particulate-matter-sensors-pm\/particulate-matter-sensor-sps30\/."},{"key":"ref_119","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Laser Particle Sensor PM2008. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/ indoor\/19\/7\/194\/."},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Dust Sensor PM2009. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/indoor\/19\/7\/196\/."},{"key":"ref_121","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Outdoor Particulate Matter Measurement Technology. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/uploadfiles\/2020\/03\/20200302112209222.pdf."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Honeywell (2019, October 01). HPM Series Particulate Matter Sensors. Available online: https:\/\/sensing.honeywell.com\/honeywell-sensing-particulate-hpm-series-datasheet-32322550."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Dust Sensor PM3006T. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/outdoor\/19\/9\/208\/."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Plantower PMS7003 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/download.kamami.com\/p564008-p564008-PMS7003%20series%20data%20manua_English_V2.5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Plantower PMSA003 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/datasheet.lcsc.com\/szlcsc\/1810311017_Beijing-Plantower-PMSA003-A_C132744.pdf."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A., Stanton, L.G., Graham, A.R., and Roberts, P.T. (2017). Assessing the utility of low-cost particulate matter sensors over a 12-week period in the Cuyama valley of California. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081805"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1080\/02786826.2016.1232859","article-title":"Evaluation of the Alphasense optical particle counter (OPC-N2) and the Grimm portable aerosol spectrometer (PAS-1.108)","volume":"50","author":"Sousan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"(2021, February 02). Available online: http:\/\/www.alphasense.com\/WEB1213\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/AAN-701-01.pdf."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnston, S.J., Basford, P.J., Bulot, F.M., Apetroaie-Cristea, M., Easton, N.H., Davenport, C., Foster, G.L., Loxham, M., Morris, A.K., and Cox, S.J. (2019). City scale particulate matter monitoring using LoRaWAN based air quality IoT devices. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19010209"},{"key":"ref_130","first-page":"00004","article-title":"Preliminary research for low-cost particulatematter sensor network in E3S Web of Conferences","volume":"100","author":"Kiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"EDP Sci."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Plantower PMS1003 Sensor Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www.aqmd.gov\/docs\/default-source\/aqspec\/resources-page\/plantower-pms1003-manual_v2-5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuula, J., M\u00e4kel\u00e4, T., Aurela, M., Teinil\u00e4, K., Varjonen, S., Gonzales, O., and Timonen, H. (2019). Laboratory evaluation of particle size-selectivity of optical low-cost particulate matter sensors. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Dis., 1\u201321.","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-2019-422"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.11.001","article-title":"Spatiotemporal distribution of indoor particulate matter concentration with a low-cost sensor network","volume":"127","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Build. Environ."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marinov, M.B., Hensel, S., Ganev, B., and Nikolov, G. (2017, January 1\u20134). Performance evaluation of low-cost particulate matter sensors. Proceedings of the 2017 XXVI International Scientific Conference Electronics (ET), Sozopol, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1109\/ET.2017.8124367"},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Olivares, G., Longley, I., and Coulson, G. (2012). Development of a Low-Cost Device for Observing Indoor Particle Levels Associated with Source Activities in the Home, International Society of Exposure Science (ISES)."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Sharp GP2Y1010AU0F Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.sharpsde.com\/products\/optoelectronic-components\/model\/GP2Y1010AU0F\/#productview."},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"Shinyei University (2020, November 21). PM Sensor PMS1. Available online: https:\/\/www.shinyei.co.jp\/stc\/eng\/optical\/main_pm2.html."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2017.10.0418","article-title":"Field test of several low-cost particulate matter sensors in high and low concentration urban environments","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Q. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Shinyei Kaisen PPD20V. Product Specification. Available online: http:\/\/c1170156.r56.cf3.rackcdn.com\/UK_ SHN_PPD20V_DS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Shinyei PPD42NJ Sensor Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www.gvzcomp.it\/index.php\/it\/shinyei?format=raw&task=download&fid=461."},{"key":"ref_141","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Shinyei PPD60PV Sensor Specification. Available online: http:\/\/www.gvzcomp.it\/index.php\/en\/shinyei? format=raw&task=download&fid=463."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Winsen (2020, November 21). Laser Dust Module. Available online: https:\/\/www.winsen-sensor.com\/d\/files\/air-quality\/zh03- series-laser-dust-module-v2_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). LED Particle Sensor PM1006K. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/ indoor\/19\/7\/206\/."},{"key":"ref_144","unstructured":"Telaire (2020, November 21). Smart Dust Sensor SM-PWM-01c. Available online: https:\/\/amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/225-sm-pwm-01c-application-note\/download?Itemid=8248%20%27."},{"key":"ref_145","unstructured":"Telaire (2020, November 21). Smart Dust Sensor SM-PWM-01s. Available online: https:\/\/amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/478-telaire-sm-pwm-01s-smart-dust-sensor-datasheet\/download?Itemid=8488."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). LED Particle Sensor PM1003. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/ indoor\/19\/7\/205\/."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Panasonic (2020, November 21). LED Type PM2.5 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/industrial.panasonic.com\/ww\/products\/sensors\/built-in-sensors\/dust-sensor\/pm25_led."},{"key":"ref_148","unstructured":"Samyoung S&G (2019, October 01). PM2.5 Sensor. Available online: http:\/\/samyoungsnc.com\/particle-sensor\/."},{"key":"ref_149","unstructured":"Shinyei Technology (2020, November 21). Particle Sensor Unit PPD71. Available online: https:\/\/www.shinyei.co.jp\/stc\/eng\/optical\/main_ppd71.html."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Winsen ZPH01 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.winsen-sensor.com\/d\/files\/PDF\/Gas%20Sensor%20Module\/PM2.5%20Detection%20Module\/ZPH01%20Particles%20Sensor%20Module%20V1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_151","unstructured":"Telaire (2020, November 21). SM-UART-01D Dual Channel Dust Sensor. Available online: https:\/\/amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/477-telaire-sm-uart-01d-dual-channel-dust-sensor-datasheet\/download?Itemid=8488."},{"key":"ref_152","unstructured":"Telaire (2020, November 21). SM-UART-01L+ Laser Dust Sensor PM2.5. Available online: https:\/\/amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/429-telaire-sm-uart-01l-laser-dust-sensor-datasheet\/download?Itemid=8248%20%27."},{"key":"ref_153","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Amphenol SM UART 04l Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/514-telaire-sm-uart-04l-laser-dust-sensor-application-note\/download?Itemid=8488%20%27."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). HK-A5 Laser PM2.5\/10 Sensor. Available online: https:\/\/github.com\/Arduinolibrary\/DFRobot_PM2.5_Sensor_module\/raw\/master\/HK-A5%20Laser%20PM2.5%20Sensor%20V1.0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_155","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Dust Sensor PM2008M-M. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/indoor\/19\/7\/195\/."},{"key":"ref_156","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Laser Particle Sensor PM2107. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/indoor\/19\/7\/193\/."},{"key":"ref_157","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Laser Particle Sensor PM2105M. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/indoor\/19\/7\/192\/."},{"key":"ref_158","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Laser Particle Sensor PM2012. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/indoor\/19\/7\/198\/."},{"key":"ref_159","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Cubic PM3015. Available online: https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1fp7BszNmv6NWFFmpkmHPxV8PQcIRfQK8\/view."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Dust Sensor PM3006T. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/uploadfiles\/2020\/07\/20200702111723790.pdf."},{"key":"ref_161","unstructured":"Cubic (2019, October 01). Particle Counter PM5000. Available online: http:\/\/en.gassensor.com.cn\/ParticulateMatterSensor\/indoor\/19\/7\/202\/."},{"key":"ref_162","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Seeed The Lot Hardware Unabler. Grove\u2014Laser PM2.5 Sensor (HM3301). Available online: https:\/\/wiki.seeedstudio.com\/Grove-Laser_PM2.5_Sensor-HM3301\/."},{"key":"ref_163","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Nanosense.PM2036 Sensor Specification. Available online: http:\/\/nano-sense.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/09\/PM2036NS-Datasheet-NanoSense-V4.2-20171006.pdf."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Nova Fitness SDS018 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www-sd-nf.oss-cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com\/%E5%AE%98%E7%BD%91%E4%B8%8B%E8%BD%BD\/SDS018%20Laser%20PM2.5%20Product%20Spec%20V1.5.pdf."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Panasonic.laser type PM Sensor. Available online: https:\/\/industrial.panasonic.com\/ww\/products\/sensors\/built-in-sensors\/dust-sensor\/pm_laser."},{"key":"ref_166","unstructured":"(2019, October 01). Sharp DN7C3CA007 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.sharpsde.com\/products\/optoelectronic-components\/model\/DN7C3CA007\/."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Isweek TF-LP01 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.isweek.com\/Uploads\/20180604\/5b14bb38b82aa.pdf."},{"key":"ref_168","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Winsen ZH06 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.winsen-sensor.com\/sensors\/dust-sensor\/245.html."},{"key":"ref_169","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Yaguchi Electric Pocket PM2.5 Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/cdn.sparkfun.com\/assets\/parts\/1\/2\/2\/7\/5\/Pocket_PM2.5_sensor_spec.pdf."},{"key":"ref_170","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Amphenol Telair Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.amphenol-sensors.com\/en\/component\/edocman\/559-telaire-dsf-series-automotive-pm2-5-in-cabin-sensor-product-datasheet\/download?Itemid=8488."},{"key":"ref_171","unstructured":"(2020, November 21). Elitech PM900M Sensor Specification. Available online: https:\/\/www.elitecheu.com\/collections\/temtop-euparticle-counter\/products\/temtop-pm-900m-laser-particle-sensor-for-particulate-matter-pm1-0-pm2-5-pm10."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/10962247.2016.1241195","article-title":"Feasibility of using low-cost portable particle monitors for measurement of fine and coarse particulate matter in urban ambient air","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_173","first-page":"520","article-title":"Low-cost PM2.5 Sensors: An Assessment of their Suitability for Various Applications","volume":"20","author":"Jayaratne","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Q. Res."}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.3390\/s21093060","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606608000000}}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6819\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,3]],"date-time":"2025-08-03T13:40:11Z","timestamp":1754228411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6819"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]},"references-count":173,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s20236819"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20236819","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/s21093060","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]}}}