{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T22:56:25Z","timestamp":1778540185424,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":118,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this review article, attention is paid towards the formation of various nanostructured stoichiometric titanium dioxide (TiO2), non-stoichiometric titanium oxide (TiO2\u2212x) and Magn\u00e9li phase (TinO2n\u22121)-based layers, which are suitable for the application in gas and volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors. Some aspects related to variation of sensitivity and selectivity of titanium oxide-based sensors are critically overviewed and discussed. The most promising titanium oxide-based hetero- and nano-structures are outlined. Recent research and many recently available reviews on TiO2-based sensors and some TiO2 synthesis methods are discussed. Some promising directions for the development of TiO2-based sensors, especially those that are capable to operate at relatively low temperatures, are outlined. The applicability of non-stoichiometric titanium oxides in the development of gas and VOC sensors is foreseen and transitions between various titanium oxide states are discussed. The presence of non-stoichiometric titanium oxide and Magn\u00e9li phase (TinO2n\u22121)-based layers in \u2018self-heating\u2019 sensors is predicted, and the advantages and limitations of \u2018self-heating\u2019 gas and VOC sensors, based on TiO2 and TiO2\u2212x\/TiO2 heterostructures, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236833","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"6833","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Insights in the Application of Stoichiometric and Non-Stoichiometric Titanium Oxides for the Design of Sensors for the Determination of Gases and VOCs (TiO2\u2212x and TinO2n\u22121 vs. TiO2)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Simonas","family":"Ramanavicius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrochemical Material Science, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0885-3556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arunas","family":"Ramanavicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramanavicius, S., Tereshchenko, A., Karpicz, R., Ratautaite, V., Bubniene, U., Maneikis, A., Jagminas, A., and Ramanavicius, A. 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