{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:26:21Z","timestamp":1760239581483,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51375359; 61701358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51375359; 61701358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WUT: 2019IVA016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WUT: 2019IVA016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>For engineering structures, strain flexibility-based approaches have been widely used for structural health monitoring purposes with prominent advantages. However, the applicability and robustness of the method need to be further improved. In this paper, a novel damage index based on differences in uniform load strain field (ULSF) is developed for plate-like structures. When estimating ULSF, the strain flexibility matrix (SFM) based on mass-normalized strain mode shapes (SMSs) is needed. However, the mass-normalized strain mode shapes (SMSs) are complicated and difficult to obtain when the input, i.e., the excitation, is unknown. To address this issue, the proportional strain flexibility matrix (PSFM) and its simplified construction procedure are proposed and integrated into the frames of ULSF, which can be easily obtained when the input is unknown. The identification accuracy of the method under the damage with different locations and degrees is validated by the numerical examples and experimental examples. Both the numerical and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method provides a reliable tool for output-only damage detection of plate-like structures without estimating the mass-normalized strain mode shapes (SMSs).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1606731972000},"page":"6862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Output-Only Damage Detection in Plate-Like Structures Based on Proportional Strain Flexibility Matrix"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6049-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kang","family":"Yun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Mingyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Jiangtao","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Jingliang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7120-4498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-015-9145-0","article-title":"The vibration monitoring methods and signal processing techniques for structural health monitoring: A review","volume":"23","author":"Goyal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. 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