{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T07:13:56Z","timestamp":1766733236393,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Modern agriculture imposes the need for better knowledge of the soil moisture content to rationalize the amount of water needed to irrigate farmlands. In this context, since current technological solutions do not correspond to the cost or use criteria, this paper presents a design for a new original capacitive bi-functional sensor to measure soil moisture and salinity. In this paper, we outline the design stages from simulation to finished elements of the optimal design to deployment in the fields, considering the mechanical integration constraints necessary for industrialization. The measurement electronics were developed based on the sensor\u2019s electric model to obtain a double measurement. An on-site (field lot) measurement program was then carried out to validate the system\u2019s good performance in real-time. Finally, this performance was matched with that of leading commercially available sensors on the market. This work demonstrates that, after deployment of the sensors, the overall system makes it possible to obtain a precise image of cultivated soil\u2019s hydric condition, with the best response time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]],"date-time":"2020-11-30T20:10:22Z","timestamp":1606767022000},"page":"6867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toward Smart Soil Sensing in v4.0 Agriculture: A New Single-Shape Sensor for Capacitive Moisture and Salinity Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Escriba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5900-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eli Gabriel","family":"Avi\u00f1a Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Jean-Yves","family":"Fourniols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Contardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TeleCommunications Services &amp; Distribution, TCSD, 82000 Montauban, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6563-0842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Acco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Georges","family":"Soto-Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Analysis and Architecture of Systems, LAAS, University of Toulouse, F-31077 Toulouse, France"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-200006000-00003","article-title":"Tensiometer for shallow and deep measurements of water pressure in vadose zone and groundwater","volume":"165","author":"Faybishenko","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-199708000-00005","article-title":"Use of tensiometer response time to determine the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soil","volume":"162","author":"Hayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1097\/00010694-198410000-00009","article-title":"Errors in reading tensiometer vacua with pressure transducers","volume":"138","author":"Trotter","year":"1984","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, Z., Zhu, Y., Liu, C., Qian, H., Cao, W., and Ni, J. 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