{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T12:01:09Z","timestamp":1771329669795,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IP-2018-01-9753, IP-2019-04-1064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2018-01-9753, IP-2019-04-1064"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Government","award":["PID2019-107688RB-C21, TEC2016-79700-C2-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-107688RB-C21, TEC2016-79700-C2-R"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, there has been an increased interest in exploring periodic structures with higher symmetry due to various possibilities of utilizing them in novel electromagnetic applications. The aim of this paper is to discuss design issues related to the implementation of holey glide-symmetric periodic structures in waveguide-based components. In particular, one can implement periodic structures with glide symmetry in one or two directions, which we differentiate as 1D and 2D glide symmetry, respectively. The key differences in the dispersion and bandgap properties of these two realizations are presented and design guidelines are indicated, with special care devoted to practical issues. Focusing on the design of gap waveguide-based components, we demonstrate using simulated and measured results that in practice it is often sufficient to use 1D glide symmetry, which is also simpler to mechanically realize, and if larger attenuation of lateral waves is needed, a diagonally directed 2D glide symmetric structure should be implemented. Finally, an analysis of realistic holes with conical endings is performed using a developed effective hole depth method, which combined with the presented analysis and results can serve as a valuable tool in the process of designing novel electrically-large waveguide-based components.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236871","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1606828131000},"page":"6871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Glide-Symmetric Holey Structures Applied to Waveguide Technology: Design Considerations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7608-6408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zvonimir","family":"Sipus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Cavar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"Bosiljevac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, Unska 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8012-9802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Rajo-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Theory and Communications Department, University Carlos III of Madrid, 28911 Legan\u00e9s, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1964.2740","article-title":"Consequences of symmetry in periodic structures","volume":"52","author":"Crepeau","year":"1964","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1139\/p65-032","article-title":"Propagation in a wave guide with glide reflection symmetry","volume":"43","author":"Mittra","year":"1965","journal-title":"Can. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1973.9003","article-title":"Propagation in periodically loaded waveguides with higher symmetries","volume":"61","author":"Hessel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Proc. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MMM.2020.3014987","article-title":"Periodic Structures With Higher Symmetries: Their Applications in Electromagnetic Devices","volume":"21","author":"Valerio","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Mag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2015.2492678","article-title":"Ultrawideband Metasurface Lenses Based on Off-Shifted Opposite Layers","volume":"15","author":"Ebrahimpouri","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2018.2856371","article-title":"Glide-Symmetric Fully Metallic Luneburg Lens for 5G Communications at Ka-Band","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2944535","article-title":"Glide-Symmetric Holey Leaky-Wave Antenna With Low Dispersion for 60 GHz Point-to-Point Communications","volume":"68","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2582","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2019.2943812","article-title":"Holey Metasurface Prism for the Reduction of the Dispersion of Gap Waveguide Leaky-Wave Antennas","volume":"18","author":"Memeletzoglou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2019.2951524","article-title":"High-Scanning-Rate and Wide-Angle Leaky-Wave Antennas Based on Glide-Symmetry Goubau Line","volume":"68","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2017.2764091","article-title":"Cost-Effective Gap Waveguide Technology Based on Glide-Symmetric Holey EBG Structures","volume":"66","author":"Ebrahimpouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2018.2832013","article-title":"Wideband Phase Shifter in Groove Gap Waveguide Technology Implemented With Glide-Symmetric Holey EBG","volume":"28","author":"Ebrahimpouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31297","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2903438","article-title":"Compact and Low-Loss V-Band Waveguide Phase Shifter Based on Glide-Symmetric Pin Configuration","volume":"7","author":"Padilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palomares-Caballero, A., Alex-Amor, A., Padilla, P., and Valenzuela-Vald\u00e9s, J.F. (2020). Dispersion and Filtering Properties of Rectangular Waveguides Loaded With Holey Structures. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.3021087"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2019.2953211","article-title":"Holey Glide-Symmetric Filters for 5G at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies","volume":"30","author":"Fonseca","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2018.2824563","article-title":"Using Glide-Symmetric Holes to Reduce Leakage Between Waveguide Flanges","volume":"28","author":"Ebrahimpouri","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71743","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2882056","article-title":"Analyzing Glide-Symmetric Holey Metasurfaces Using a Generalized Floquet Theorem","volume":"6","author":"Ghasemifard","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mesa, F., Rodr\u00edguez-Berral, R., and Medina, F. (2018). On the computation of the dispersion diagram of symmetric one-dimensionally periodic structures. Symmetry, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0262.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2618","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2019.2916821","article-title":"Bloch Analysis of Artificial Lines and Surfaces Exhibiting Glide Symmetry","volume":"67","author":"Bagheriasl","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Mesa, F., Yin, X., and Quevedo-Teruel, O. (2020). Accurate Characterization and Design Guidelines of Glide-Symmetric Holey EBG. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., 68.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.3023751"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sipus, Z., and Bosiljevac, M. (2019). Modelling of glide-symmetric dielectric structures. Symmetry, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sym11060805"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zetterstrom, O., Valerio, G., Mesa, F., Ghasemifard, F., Norgren, N., and Quevedo-Teruel, O. (2020). Dispersion Analysis of Periodically Loaded Transmission Lines with Twist Symmetry Using the Mode-Matching Technique. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10175990"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3210","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2018.2829885","article-title":"Glide-Symmetric All-Metal Holey Metasurfaces for Low-Dispersive Artificial Materials: Modeling and Properties","volume":"66","author":"Valerio","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alex-Amor, A., Valerio, G., Ghasemifard, F., Mesa, F., Padilla, P., Fern\u00e1ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez, J.M., and Quevedo-Teruel, O. (2020). Wave Propagation in Periodic Metallic Structures with Equilateral Triangular Holes. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10051600"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4236","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2020.3011004","article-title":"Glide-Symmetric Metallic Structures With Elliptical Holes for Lens Compression","volume":"68","author":"Ghasemifard","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29565-6","article-title":"Twist and Polar Glide Symmetries: An Additional Degree of Freedom to Control the Propagation Characteristics of Periodic Structures","volume":"8","author":"Ghasemifard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/nphys4323","article-title":"Non-Hermitian physics and PT symmetry","volume":"14","author":"Makris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19880112","article-title":"Definition of artificially soft and hard surfaces for electromagnetic waves","volume":"24","author":"Kildal","year":"1988","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Yang, F., and Rahmat-Sammii, Y. (2019). Gap waveguide technology. Surface Electromagnetics: With Applications in Antenna, Microwave, and Optical Engineering, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2017.2701308","article-title":"Design Guidelines for Gap Waveguide Technology Based on Glide-Symmetric Holey Structures","volume":"27","author":"Ebrahimpouri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2365238","article-title":"A Low Profile and Low Sidelobe Wideband Slot Antenna Array Feb by an Amplitude-Tapering Waveguide Feed-Network","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2008.2011147","article-title":"Local Metamaterial-Based Waveguides in Gaps Between Parallel Metal Plates","volume":"8","author":"Kildal","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-map.2010.0089","article-title":"Design and experimental verification of ridge gap waveguide in bed of nails for parallel-plate mode suppression","volume":"5","author":"Kildal","year":"2011","journal-title":"IET Microwaves, Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.42.002026","article-title":"Nonresonant modes in plasmonic holey metasurfaces for the design of artificial flat lenses","volume":"42","author":"Valerio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Harrington, R.F. (1961). Time-Harmonic Electromagnetic Fields, McGraw-Hill Book Company."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1049\/el:19660193","article-title":"Numerical method for the solution of waveguide-discontinuity problems","volume":"2","author":"Clarricoats","year":"1966","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6871\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:40:05Z","timestamp":1760179205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6871"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s20236871"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20236871","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]}}}