{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T16:42:02Z","timestamp":1778258522229,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"COMET K1 centre ASSIC Austrian Smart Systems Integration Research Center","award":["865890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["865890"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This manuscript discusses the difficulties with magnetic position and orientation (MPO) system design and proposes a general method for finding optimal layouts. The formalism introduces a system quality measure through state separation and reduces the question \u201cHow to design an MPO system?\u201d to a global optimization problem. The latter is then solved by combining differential evolution algorithms with magnet shape variation based on analytical computations of the field. The proposed formalism is then applied to study possible realizations of continuous three-axis joystick motion tracking, realized with just a single magnet and a single 3D magnetic field sensor. The computations show that this is possible when a specific design condition is fulfilled and that large state separations as high as 1mT\/\u2218 can be achieved under realistic conditions. Finally, a comparison to state-of-the-art design methods is drawn, computation accuracy is reviewed critically, and an experimental validation is presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T13:08:51Z","timestamp":1606828131000},"page":"6873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Magnetic Position System Design Method Applied to Three-Axis Joystick Motion Tracking"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6424-6809","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Perla","family":"Malag\u00f2","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Silicon Austria Labs GmbH, Sensor Systems, Europastra\u00dfe 12, 9524 Villach, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2335-0076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Florian","family":"Slanovc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Physics of Functional Materials, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Graf-von-Soden-Platz 1, 88046 Friedrichshafen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-088X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Lumetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silicon Austria Labs GmbH, Sensor Systems, Europastra\u00dfe 12, 9524 Villach, Austria"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Schaden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Graf-von-Soden-Platz 1, 88046 Friedrichshafen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Pellegrinetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZF Padova S.r.l., Marine and Special Driveline Technology, Via S. Andrea, 16, 38062 Arco (TN), Italy"}]},{"given":"Mohssen","family":"Moridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silicon Austria Labs GmbH, Sensor Systems, Europastra\u00dfe 12, 9524 Villach, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4999-0311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claas","family":"Abert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Physics of Functional Materials, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"University of Vienna Research Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Suess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vienna, Physics of Functional Materials, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"University of Vienna Research Platform MMM Mathematics-Magnetism-Materials, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2318-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Ortner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Silicon Austria Labs GmbH, Sensor Systems, Europastra\u00dfe 12, 9524 Villach, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(01)00621-5","article-title":"Magnetic sensors for automotive applications","volume":"91","author":"Treutler","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. 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