{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:26:18Z","timestamp":1760239578973,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606867200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015\/17\/B\/ST8\/03371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015\/17\/B\/ST8\/03371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The study reported in this paper is concerned with areas related to developing methods of measuring, processing and analyzing infrasound noise caused by operation of wind farms. The paper contains the results of the correlation analysis of infrasound signals generated by a wind turbine with a rated capacity of 2 MW recorded by three independent measurement setups comprising identical components and characterized by the same technical parameters. The measurements of infrasound signals utilized a dedicated measurement system called INFRA, which was developed and built by KFB ACOUSTICS Sp. z o.o. In particular, the scope of the paper includes the results of correlation analysis in the time domain, which was carried out using the autocovariance function separately for each of the three measuring setups. Moreover, the courses of the cross-correlation function were calculated separately for each of the potential combinations of infrasound range recorded by the three measuring setups. In the second stage, a correlation analysis of the recorded infrasound signals in the frequency domain was performed, using the coherence function. In the next step, infrasound signals recorded in three setups were subjected to time-frequency transformations. In this part, the waveforms of the scalograms were determined by means of continuous wavelet transform. Wavelet coherence waveforms were calculated in order to determine the level of the correlation of the obtained dependencies in the time-frequency domain. The summary contains the results derived from using correlation analysis methods in the time, frequency and time-frequency domains.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]],"date-time":"2020-12-02T07:49:54Z","timestamp":1606895394000},"page":"6891","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Application of Correlation Analysis for Assessment of Infrasound Signals Emission by Wind Turbines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Boczar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9421-4277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Zmarz\u0142y","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9075-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kozio\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8861-7974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daria","family":"Wotzka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering Automatic Control and Informatics, Opole University of Technology, 45-758 Opole, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2019.05.032","article-title":"The impact of supporting tower on wind turbine noise emission","volume":"155","author":"Wolniewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01001","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20171901001","article-title":"Comparison of low frequency signals emitted by wind turbines of two different generator types","volume":"19","author":"Malec","year":"2017","journal-title":"E3s Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.12693\/APhysPolA.122.850","article-title":"Studies on Infrasound Noise Emitted by Wind Turbines of Large Power","volume":"122","author":"Boczar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Phys. Pol. A"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1007\/s40857-017-0098-3","article-title":"A Review of Wind Turbine-Generated Infrasound: Source, Measurement and Effect on Health","volume":"46","author":"Tonin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acoust. Aust."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2016.10.027","article-title":"The influence of periodic wind turbine noise on infrasound array measurements","volume":"388","author":"Pilger","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, C., Zajam\u0161ek, B., and Hansen, K. (2016). Infrasound and Low-Frequency Noise from Wind Turbines. Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-48868-3_1"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Irarrazabal, F.J., Cook, M.R., Gee, K.L., Nelson, P., Novakovich, D.J., and Sommerfeldt, S.D. (2019, January 13\u201317). Initial infrasound source characterization using the phase and amplitude gradient estimator method. Proceedings of the Meetings on Acoustics, Louisville, KY, USA.","DOI":"10.1121\/2.0001097"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Pichon, A., Blanc, E., and Hauchecorne, A. (2019). Advances in Infrasonic Remote Sensing Methods. Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies: Challenges in Middle Atmosphere Dynamics and Societal Benefits, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-75140-5"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1527","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e1527","article-title":"Wind turbine noise","volume":"344","author":"Hanning","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1260\/0309-524X.37.1.97","article-title":"A Review of Wind Turbine Noise Perception, Annoyance and Low Frequency Emission","volume":"37","author":"Doolan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wind Eng."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.02.055","article-title":"Public receptivity in China towards wind energy generators: A survey experimental approach","volume":"129","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467611417849","article-title":"Occupational Health and Industrial Wind Turbines","volume":"31","author":"Rand","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467612455734","article-title":"Wind Turbine Acoustic Investigation","volume":"32","author":"Ambrose","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Thorne, B. (2014, January 16\u201319). The relevance of the precautionary principle to wind farm noise planning. Proceedings of the INTERNOISE 2014\u201443rd International Congress on Noise Control Engineering Improving the World through Noise Control, Melbourne, Australia."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467611412550","article-title":"Industrial Wind Turbine Development and Loss of Social Justice?","volume":"31","author":"Krogh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-014-0581-4","article-title":"Analysis of aerodynamic sound noise generated by a large-scaled wind turbine and its physiological evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Inagaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2008.12.035","article-title":"Public perceptions of wind energy developments: Case studies from New Zealand","volume":"37","author":"Graham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"57","article-title":"Annoyance from wind turbines: Role of the middle ear muscles","volume":"42","author":"Bell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acoust. Aust."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"21","article-title":"Industrial wind turbines and adverse health effects","volume":"19","author":"Jeffery","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Rural Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.102961","article-title":"Effects of industrial wind turbine noise on sleep and health","volume":"14","author":"Nissenbaum","year":"2012","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467611415075","article-title":"Toward a Case Definition of Adverse Health Effects in the Environs of Industrial Wind Turbines: Facilitating a Clinical Diagnosis","volume":"31","author":"McMurtry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.05.034","article-title":"Wind energy and local communities: A manufacturer\u2019s efforts to gain acceptance","volume":"121","author":"Calvo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8330.2011.00881.x","article-title":"Resisting and Reconciling Big Wind: Middle Landscape Politics in the New American West","volume":"43","author":"Phadke","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antipode"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1177\/0270467611412555","article-title":"Infrasound From Wind Turbines Could Affect Humans","volume":"31","author":"Salt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e108","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000313","article-title":"Wind turbines and health: A critical review of the scientific literature","volume":"56","author":"McCunney","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Occup. Env. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3397\/1.3549200","article-title":"Low frequency noise and infrasound from wind turbines","volume":"59","author":"Hellweg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Noise Control Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1515\/aoa-2017-0052","article-title":"Noise and Infrasonic Noise at Workplaces in a Wind Farm","volume":"42","author":"Pleban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-10-78","article-title":"Health effects and wind turbines: A review of the literature","volume":"10","author":"Knopper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Env. Health"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"595","article-title":"Health impact of wind farms","volume":"20","author":"Kurpas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1","article-title":"Health-Based Audible Noise Guidelines Account for Infrasound and Low-Frequency Noise Produced by Wind Turbines","volume":"3","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Public Heal."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"29","article-title":"Infrasound from wind turbines-Fact, fiction or deception","volume":"34","author":"Leventhall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Acoust. Acoust. Can."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.07.006","article-title":"Psycho-social disruption, information disorder, and the politics of wind farming","volume":"45","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardaro, R., Faccilongo, N., and Roselli, L. (2019). Wind farms, farmland occupation and compensation: Evidences from landowners\u2019 preferences through a stated choice survey in Italy. Energy Policy, 133.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2019.110885"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.11.032","article-title":"Health effects of wind turbines on humans in residential settings: Results of a scoping review","volume":"169","author":"Freiberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.10.007","article-title":"Understanding stress effects of wind turbine noise\u2013The integrated approach","volume":"112","author":"Pohl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2018.09.001","article-title":"The politics of evidence: Conflicting social commitments and environmental priorities in the debate over wind energy and public health","volume":"47","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Res. Soc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Pierpont, N. (2009). Wind Turbine Syndrome: A Report on a Natural Experiment, K-Selected Books."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022215112002964","article-title":"\u2018Wind turbine syndrome\u2019: Fact or fiction?","volume":"127","author":"Farboud","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Laryngol. Otol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"68","article-title":"The use of advanced signal processing methods for the analysis of infrasound generated by high-power wind turbines","volume":"96","author":"Boczar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Elektrotechniczny"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"389","article-title":"Power Spectrum Estimation using Welch Method for various Window Techniques","volume":"2","author":"Gupta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<2679:ICITEM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Interdecadal Changes in the ENSO\u2013Monsoon System","volume":"12","author":"Torrence","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.15199\/48.2020.07.21","article-title":"Analiza wp\u0142ywu czynnik\u00f3w zewn\u0119trznych na wyniki pomiar\u00f3w infrad\u017awi\u0119k\u00f3w emitowanych przez turbiny wiatrowe (Analysis of the influence of external factors on the measurement results of infrasounds emitted by wind turbines)","volume":"1","author":"Boczar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Elektrotechniczny"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6891\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:40:35Z","timestamp":1760179235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/23\/6891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"23","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s20236891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20236891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]}}}