{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T14:29:48Z","timestamp":1768314588061,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent progress in rotational sensor technology has made it possible to directly measure rotational ground-motion induced by seismic waves. When combined with conventional inertial seismometer recordings, the new sensors allow one to locally observe six degrees of freedom (6DOF) of ground-motion, composed of three orthogonal components of translational motion and three orthogonal components of rotational motion. The applications of such 6DOF measurements are manifold\u2014ranging from wavefield characterization, separation, and reconstruction to the reduction of non-uniqueness in seismic inverse problems\u2014and have the potential to revolutionize the way seismic data are acquired and processed. However, the seismological community has yet to embrace rotational ground-motion as a new observable. The aim of this paper is to give a high-level introduction into the field of 6DOF seismology using illustrative examples and to summarize recent progress made in this relatively young field. It is intended for readers with a general background in seismology. In order to illustrate the seismological value of rotational ground-motion data, we provide the first-ever 6DOF processing example of a teleseismic earthquake recorded on a multicomponent ring laser observatory and demonstrate how wave parameters (phase velocity, propagation direction, and ellipticity angle) and wave types of multiple phases can be automatically estimated using single-station 6DOF processing tools. Python codes to reproduce this processing example are provided in an accompanying Jupyter notebook.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20236904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]],"date-time":"2020-12-03T11:15:43Z","timestamp":1606994143000},"page":"6904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Seismological Processing of Six Degree-of-Freedom Ground-Motion Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Sollberger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7242-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiner","family":"Igel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1380-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cedric","family":"Schmelzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3041-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Edme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8250-2826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk-Jan","family":"van Manen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bernauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5401-0381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shihao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Wassermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LMU, 80333 Munich, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3775-5058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrich","family":"Schreiber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geod\u00e4tisches Observatorium Wettzell, TUM, 93444 Bad K\u00f6tzting, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3292-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan O. A.","family":"Robertsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics, ETH Z\u00fcrich, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Milne-Home, D. (1842). Report of a committee for obtaining instruments and registers to record shocks of earthquakes in Scotland and Ireland. Reports of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, British Association for the Advancement of Science."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/eqe.4290170103","article-title":"Robert Mallet and John Milne\u2014Earthquakes incorporated in Victorian Britain","volume":"17","author":"Wood","year":"1988","journal-title":"Earthq. Eng. Struct. 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