{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1762324891960,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["XDA19040500"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XDA19040500"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41671219, 41730643, and 41771383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41671219, 41730643, and 41771383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Science and Technology Development Program of Jilin Province","award":["20200301014RQ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200301014RQ"]}]},{"name":"the Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province, China","award":["D2019209317"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D2019209317"]}]},{"name":"the Key Research and Development Program of Science and Technology Plan of Tangshan, China","award":["19150231E"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19150231E"]}]},{"name":"the funding from Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["2017277 and 2012178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017277 and 2012178"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate prediction of wetland soil organic carbon concentration and an understanding of its controlling factors are important for studying regional climate change and wetland carbon cycles; with that knowledge mechanisms can be put in place that are conducive to sustainable ecosystem management for environmental health. In this study, a hybrid approach combining an artificial neural network and ordinary kriging and 103 soil samples at three soil depth ranges (0\u201330, 30\u201360, and 60\u2013100 cm) were used to predict wetland soil organic carbon concentration in China\u2019s Liao River Basin. The model evaluation indicated that a combination of artificial neural network and ordinary kriging and limited soil samples achieved good performance in predicting wetland soil organic carbon concentration. Wetland soil organic carbon concentration in the Liao River Basin has apparent spatial and vertical heterogeneities with values decreasing from southeast to northwest and concentrates present mainly in the topsoil (0\u201330 cm). Mean wetland soil organic carbon concentration values at the three soil depths were 10.43 \u00b1 0.38, 7.93 \u00b1 0.25, and 7.61 \u00b1 0.22 g\/kg, respectively, which are smaller than those over other wetland regions in Northeast China. Terrain aspect contributed the most in predicting wetland soil organic carbon concentration at each of the three soil depths, followed by normalized difference vegetation index at 0\u201330 cm and mean annual precipitation at 30\u201360 and 60\u2013100 cm. This study provides a framework method and baseline to quantify the soil organic carbon concentration dynamics in response to climatic and anthropogenic drivers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T09:17:04Z","timestamp":1607419024000},"page":"7005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Combining Artificial Neural Network and Ordinary Kriging to Predict Wetland Soil Organic Carbon Concentration in China\u2019s Liao River Basin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yingdong","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130100, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Earth Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehua","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9865-8235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zongming","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"National Earth System Science Data Center, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"School of Geography and Environment, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2012.10.001","article-title":"The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon","volume":"164","author":"Stockmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. 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