{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T06:17:00Z","timestamp":1781504220891,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62066029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62066029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51575349"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51575349"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51665037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51665037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Foundation of the Key Laboratory of Nondestructive Testing, Ministry of Education, Nanchang Hangkong University","award":["EW201980090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EW201980090"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weld bead geometry features (WBGFs) such as the bead width, height, area, and center of gravity are the common factors for weighing welding quality control. The effective modeling of these WBGFs contributes to implementing timely decision making of welding process parameters to improve welding quality and enhance automatic levels. In this work, a dynamic modeling method of WBGFs is presented based on machine vision and learning in multipass gas metal arc welding (GMAW) with typical joints. A laser vision sensing system is used to detect weld seam profiles (WSPs) during the GMAW process. A novel WSP extraction method is proposed using scale-invariant feature transform and machine learning. The feature points of the extracted WSP, namely the boundary points of the weld beads, are identified with slope mutation detection and number supervision. In order to stabilize the modeling process, a fault detection and diagnosis method is implemented with cubic exponential smoothing, and the diagnostic accuracy is within 1.50 pixels. A linear interpolation method is presented to implement sub pixel discrimination of the weld bead before modeling WBGFs. With the effective feature points and the extracted WSP, a scheme of modeling the area, center of gravity, and all-position width and height of the weld bead is presented. Experimental results show that the proposed method in this work adapts to the variable features of the weld beads in thick plate GMAW with T-joints and butt\/lap joints. This work can provide more evidence to control the weld formation in a thick plate GMAW in real time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"7104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Dynamic Modeling of Weld Bead Geometry Features in Thick Plate GMAW Based on Machine Vision and Learning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yinshui","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources Environmental &amp; Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daize","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Resources Environmental &amp; Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengxi","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical, Materials, Mechatronic and Biomedical Engineering University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lightweight and High Strength Structural Materials of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesheng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lightweight and High Strength Structural Materials of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitao","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Lightweight and High Strength Structural Materials of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5937-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information Engineering School of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henckell, P., Gierth, M., Ali, Y., Reimann, J., and Bergmann, J. 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