{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:31:10Z","timestamp":1768825870806,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]],"date-time":"2020-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education\/National Centre for Research and Development, Poland","award":["II.PB.15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["II.PB.15"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Family, Labour, and Social Policy, Poland","award":["2.G.04, 2.G.05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.G.04, 2.G.05"]}]},{"name":"Sub-Directorate-General for Research Assessment and Promotion in Spain (Instituto de Salud Carlos III)","award":["PI14CIII\/00056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI14CIII\/00056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the absorption in a user\u2019s head of an electromagnetic field (EMF) emitted by the Wi-Fi and\/or Bluetooth module of a wearable small Internet of Things (IoT) electronic device (emitting EMF of up to 100 mW), in order to test the hypothesis that EMF has an insignificant influence on humans, and to compare the levels of such EMF absorption in various scenarios when using this device. The modelled EMF source was a meandered inverted-F antenna (MIFA)-type antenna of the ESP32-WROOM-32 radio module used in wearable devices developed within the reported study. To quantify the EMF absorption, the specific energy absorption rate (SAR) values were calculated in a multi-layer ellipsoidal model of the human head (involving skin, fat, skull bones and brain layers). The obtained results show up to 10 times higher values of SAR from the MIFA located in the headband, in comparison to its location on the helmet. Only wearable IoT devices (similar in construction and way of use to the investigated device) emitting at below 3 mW equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) from Wi-Fi\/Bluetooth communications modules may be considered environmentally insignificant EMF sources.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,13]],"date-time":"2020-12-13T23:39:36Z","timestamp":1607902776000},"page":"7131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Modelling the Influence of Electromagnetic Field on the User of a Wearable IoT Device Used in a WSN for Monitoring and Reducing Hazards in the Work Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8094-0761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patryk","family":"Zradzi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2547-2728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Karpowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Gryz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Electromagnetic Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3534-3284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Morzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vibroacoustic Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0500-0638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"M\u0142y\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vibroacoustic Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Swidzi\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vibroacoustic Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection\u2014National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"given":"Konrad","family":"Godziszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radioelectronics and Multimedia Technology, Warsaw University of Technology, Nowowiejska 15\/19, 00-665 Warszawa, Poland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8776-4489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telemedicine and e-Health Research Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Avda. Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vermesan, O., and Friess, P. (2016). Digitising the Industry. Internet of Things Connecting the Physical, Digital and Virtual Worlds, River Publishers.","DOI":"10.13052\/rp-9788793379824"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Bradshaw, V. (2006). The Building Environment: Active and Passive Control Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Zeiler, W., van Houten, M.A., Boxem, G., Maaijen, H.N., and Vissers, D.R. (2011, January 18\u201320). Indoor air quality and thermal comfort strategies: The human-in-the-loop approach. Proceedings of the International Conference for Enhanced Building (ICEBO 2011), New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, S.-H. (2014). Wireless Sensor Networks: Principles, Design and Applications, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-5505-8"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2010.0036","article-title":"A Literature Review of Transmission Effectiveness and Electromagnetic Compatibility in Home Telemedicine Environments to Evaluate Safety and Security","volume":"16","author":"Carranza","year":"2010","journal-title":"Telemed. J. E-Health"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0b013e3181f0cad5","article-title":"Patient Safety and Electromagnetic Protection: A Review","volume":"100","author":"Carranza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickerson, R.F., Gorlin, E.I., and Stankovic, J.A. (2011, January 10\u201313). Empath: A continuous remote emotional health monitoring system for depressive illness. Proceedings of the WH \u201811: 2nd Conference on Wireless Health, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/2077546.2077552"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marques, G., Pitarma, R., Garcia, N.M., and Pombo, N. (2019). Internet of Things Architectures, Technologies, Applications, Challenges, and Future Directions for Enhanced Living Environments and Healthcare Systems: A Review. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8101081"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Reiner, J., and Sullivan, M. (2005). RFID in Healthcare: A Panacea for the Regulations and Issues Affecting the Industry?, United Parcel Service of America. UPS Supply Chain Solutions White Paper."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmedinf.2006.05.041","article-title":"Moving research into practice: A decision framework for integrating home telehealth into chronic illness care","volume":"75","author":"Hebert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Inform."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.07.075","article-title":"IoT-based Healthcare Monitoring System for War Soldiers using Machine Learning","volume":"133","author":"Gondalia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2009.5","article-title":"Body area sensors networks: Challenges and opportunities","volume":"42","author":"Hanson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2011.6069706","article-title":"The Internet of things [Guest Editorial]","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, V., Trillo, A.M., Suarez, O.J., Suarez, S., Febles, V.M., Rabassa, L.E., Karpowicz, J., Frenandez-Aldecoa, J.C., and Hernandez, J.A. (2020, January 23\u201325). Electromagnetic Characterization for UHF-RFID Fixed based reader in Smart healthcare environments. Proceedings of the 2020 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility\u2014EMC EUROPE (Virtual Conference), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMCEUROPE48519.2020.9245850"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pleban, D. (2021). Wireless Sensor Networks. Occupational Noise and Workplace Acoustics\u2014Advances in Measurement and Assessment Techniques, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003048121"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Morzy\u0144ski, L. (2019, January 16\u201319). IoT-based system for monitoring and limiting exposure to noise, vibration and other harmful factors in the working environment. Proceedings of the INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings, InterNoise19, Madrid, Spain."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"16","article-title":"Koncepcja systemu ostrzegania pracownik\u00f3w stosuj\u0105cych ochronniki s\u0142uchu przed zbli\u017caj\u0105cym si\u0119 pojazdem [Concept of the system warning hearing protectors-using employees against the approaching vehicle]","volume":"582","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bezpiecze\u0144stwo Pracy Nauka Praktyka"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) EN 300 328 v2.2.2 (2019-07) (2019). Wideband Transmission Systems; Data Transmission Equipment Operating in the 2,4 GHz Band; Harmonised Standard for Access to Radio Spectrum, ETSI."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_19.1","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) EN 301 893 V2.1.1 (2017-05) (2017). 5 GHz RLAN"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_19.2","unstructured":"Harmonised Standard Covering the Essential Requirements of Article 3.2 of Directive 2014\/53\/EU, ETSI."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (2013). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields, IARC Press. Available online: http:\/\/monographs.iarc.fr\/ENG\/Monographs\/vol102\/mono102.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2015). Opinion on Potential Health Effects of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF), European Commission. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/health\/sites\/health\/files\/scientific_committees\/emerging\/docs\/scenihr_o_041.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (1998). Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, Magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys., 74, 494\u2013522."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) (2020). Guidelines for limiting exposure to electromagnetic fields (100 kHz to 300 GHz). Health Phys., 118, 483\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001210"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C95.1-2019 (2019). IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, 0 Hz to 300 GHz, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2018.152","article-title":"Possible Effects of Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure on Central Nerve System","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez, D.A. (2009). High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry, Artech House."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13488","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69561-3","article-title":"Non-thermal effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields","volume":"10","author":"Wust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.05.048","article-title":"Public exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in everyday microenvironments: An updated systematic review for Europe","volume":"176","author":"Jalilian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2018-0017","article-title":"A novel database of bio-effects from non-ionizing Radiation","volume":"33","author":"Leach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_30.1","unstructured":"(2013). Directive 2013\/35\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_30.2","unstructured":"(1) of Directive 89\/391\/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004\/40\/EC. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 179\/1, 1-21."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77529","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2883379","article-title":"Highly efficient wearable CPW antenna enabled by EBG-FSS structure for medical body area network applications","volume":"6","author":"Ashyap","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.30393","article-title":"Novel ultra-wideband flexible antenna for wearable wrist worn devices with 4G LTE communications","volume":"59","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1080\/09553002.2018.1454619","article-title":"Evaluation of the inter-person variability of hazards to the users of BAHA hearing implants caused by exposure to a low frequency magnetic field","volume":"94","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"469","article-title":"Evaluation of hazards caused by magnetic field emitted from magnetotherapy applicator to the users of bone conduction hearing prostheses","volume":"68","author":"Karpowicz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Pr."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Gedliczka, A. (2001). Atlas Miar Cz\u0142owieka\u2013Dane Do Projektowania i Oceny Ergonomicznej [Atlas of Human Body Measures\u2013Data Sheets for Ergonomic and Evaluation], Central Institute for Labour Protection."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Hasgall, P.A., Di Gennaro, F., Baumgartner, C., Neufeld, E., Lloyd, B., Gosselin, M.C., Payne, D., Klingenb\u00f6ck, A., and Kuster, N. (2020, November 18). IT\u2019IS Database for Thermal and Electromagnetic Parameters Of Biological Tissues. Version 4.0. Available online: https:\/\/itis.swiss\/virtual-population\/tissue-properties\/downloads\/database-v4-0\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 62232-2017 (2017). Determination of RF Field Strength and SAR in the Vicinity of Radiocommunication Base Stations for the Purpose of Evaluating Human Exposure, IEC."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)\/Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 62704-1:2017 (2017). Determining the Peak Spatial-Average Specific Ab-Sorption Rate (SAR) in the Human Body from Wireless Communications Devices, 30 MHz to 6 GHz\u2014Part 1: General Requirements for Using the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) Method for SAR Calculations, IEC."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) EN 50413:2008 (2008). Basic Standard on Measurement and Calculation Procedures for Human Exposure to Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (0 Hz\u2013300 GHz), CENELEC."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2014.2359194","article-title":"Low-Profile Dual-Band Textile Antenna with Artificial Magnetic Conductor Plane","volume":"62","author":"Yan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2760(19991220)23:6<349::AID-MOP8>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"An accurate method to measure the antenna impedance of a portable radio","volume":"23","author":"Chow","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1049\/el:20020227","article-title":"Full-wave analysis of choking characteristics of sleeve balun on coaxial cables","volume":"38","author":"Saario","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) TS 136 101 V15.9.0 (2020-02) (2020). LTE; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); User Equipment (UE) Radio Transmission and Reception (3GPP TS 36.101 Version 15.9.0 Release 15), ETSI."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zradzi\u0144ski, P., Karpowicz, J., Gryz, K., Morzy\u0144ski, L., M\u0142y\u0144ski, R., Swidzi\u0144ski, A., Godziszewski, K., and Ramos, V. (2020). Modelling the Influence of the 2.4 GHz Electromagnetic Field on the User of a Wearable Internet of Things (IoT) Device for Monitoring Hazards in the Work Environment. Eng. Proc., 2.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecsa-7-08238"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/24\/7131\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:44:15Z","timestamp":1760179455000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/24\/7131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s20247131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20247131","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,12]]}}}