{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T03:47:57Z","timestamp":1787284077601,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51778222"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778222"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traffic loading monitoring plays an important role in bridge structural health monitoring, which is helpful in overloading detection, transportation management, and safety evaluation of transportation infrastructures. Bridge weigh-in-motion (BWIM) is a method that treats traffic loading monitoring as an inverse problem, which identifies the traffic loads of the target bridge by analyzing its dynamic strain responses. To achieve accurate prediction of vehicle loads, the configuration of axles and vehicle velocity must be obtained in advance, which is conventionally acquired via additional axle-detecting sensors. However, problems arise from additional sensors such as fragile stability or expensive maintenance costs, which might plague the implementation of BWIM systems in practice. Although data-driven methods such as neural networks can estimate traffic loadings using only strain sensors, the weight data of vehicles crossing the bridge is difficult to obtain. In order to overcome these limitations, a modified encoder-decoder architecture grafted with signal-reconstruction layer is proposed in this paper to identify the properties of moving vehicles (i.e., velocity, wheelbase, and axle weight) using merely the bridge dynamic response. Encoder-decoder is an unsupervised method extracting higher features from original data. The numerical bridge model based on vehicle-bridge coupling vibration theory is established to illustrate the applicability of this new encoder-decoder method. The identification results demonstrate that the proposed approach can predict traffic loadings without using additional sensors and without requiring vehicle weight labels. Parametric studies also show that this new approach achieves better stability and reliability in identifying the properties of moving vehicles, even under the circumstances of large data pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]],"date-time":"2020-12-14T21:25:08Z","timestamp":1607981108000},"page":"7170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["BwimNet: A Novel Method for Identifying Moving Vehicles Utilizing a Modified Encoder-Decoder Architecture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Damage Diagnosis of Engineering Structures of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4113-4895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"72","article-title":"Vehicle weight limit analysis method for reinforced concrete bridges based on fatigue life","volume":"30","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cn. 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