{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:40:42Z","timestamp":1783035642890,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Education and Research of the Madrid Autonomous Community (Spain)","award":["IND2017\/TIC7714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IND2017\/TIC7714"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This work presents the development of tin oxide nanofibers (NFs) and nanoribbons (NRs) sensors with graphene as a dopant for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) corresponding to different chronic diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis or diabetes). This research aims to determine the ability of these sensors to differentiate between gas samples corresponding to healthy people and patients with a disease. The nanostructures were grown by electrospinning and deposited on silicon substrates with micro-heaters integrated. The morphology of NFs and NRs was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A gas line was assembled and programmed to measure a wide range of gases (ethanol, acetone, NO and CO) at different concentrations simulating human breath conditions. Measurements were made in the presence and absence of humidity to evaluate its effect. The sensors were able to differentiate between the concentrations corresponding to a healthy person and a patient with one of the selected diseases. These were sensitive to biomarkers such as acetone and ethanol at low operating temperatures (with responses above 35%). Furthermore, CO and NO response was at high temperatures (above 5%). The sensors had a rapid response, with times of 50 s and recovery periods of about 10 min.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]],"date-time":"2020-12-17T10:42:47Z","timestamp":1608201767000},"page":"7223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Graphene-Doped Tin Oxide Nanofibers and Nanoribbons as Gas Sensors to Detect Biomarkers of Different Diseases through the Breath"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7665-1075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Vicente","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Up Devices and Technologies, 28021 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4181-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Pedro","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0905-9546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering School, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5917-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Sayago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Sanjurjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physics Technology and Information (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Azabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Up Devices and Technologies, 28021 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Ruiz-Valdepe\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Up Devices and Technologies, 28021 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.3390\/s110101105","article-title":"Advances in electronic-nose technologies developed for biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"97","article-title":"The use of scent-detection dogs","volume":"59","author":"Browne","year":"2006","journal-title":"Irish Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bju045","article-title":"Using sniffing behavior to differentiate true negative from false negative responses in trained scent-detection dogs","volume":"39","author":"Concha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Senses"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health, WHO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1038\/299352a0","article-title":"Analysis of discrimination mechanisms in the mammalian olfactory system using a model nose","volume":"299","author":"Persaud","year":"1982","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rydosz, A. (2018). Sensors for enhanced detection of acetone as a potential tool for noninvasive diabetes monitoring. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072298"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.synthmet.2019.116146","article-title":"Influence of reduced graphene oxide-TiO2 composite nanofibers in organic indoline DN350 based dye sensitized solar cells","volume":"256","author":"Patil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Synth. Met."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8751","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2019.2922412","article-title":"Improvement of NO2 detection: Graphene decorated with ZnO nanoparticles","volume":"19","author":"Alfano","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2013.05.011","article-title":"Structural and electrical properties of SnO2 films grown on r-cut sapphire at different substrate temperature by MOCVD","volume":"99","author":"Luan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J., Shen, H., and Mathur, S. (2012). One-dimensional SnO 2 nanostructures: Synthesis and applications. J. Nanotechnol., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/917320"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2008.06.003","article-title":"Quasi-one dimensional metal oxide semiconductors: Preparation, characterization and application as chemical sensors","volume":"54","author":"Comini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2016). World Diabetes Report, WHO. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2020, September 23). World Health Organization: Epidemiology of Asthma. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/asthma."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amann, A., Costello, B.D.L., Miekisch, W., Schubert, J., Buszewski, B., Pleil, J., Ratcliffe, N., and Risby, T. (2014). The human volatilome: Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath, skin emanations, urine, feces and saliva. J. Breath Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7155\/8\/3\/034001"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2020, September 23). Las Infecciones Mortales por Estafilococo Siguen Siendo una Amenaza en los EE. UU, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/spanish\/mediosdecomunicacion\/comunicados\/p_vs_estafilococo_030519.html."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, C., Santos, J.P., and Lozano, J. (2019). Use of electronic noses for diagnosis of digestive and respiratory diseases through the breath. Biosensors, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios9010035"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s40846-016-0164-6","article-title":"Significance of exhaled breath test in clinical diagnosis: A special focus on the detection of diabetes Mellitus","volume":"36","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909025","article-title":"Exhaled ethane, a marker of lipid peroxidation, is elevated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"162","author":"Paredi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.9120-11ST","article-title":"An official ATS clinical practice guideline: Interpretation of exhaled nitric oxide levels (FENO) for clinical applications","volume":"184","author":"Dweik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.06.00085105","article-title":"Volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath of young patients with cystic fibrosis","volume":"27","author":"Barker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipiak, W., Sponring, A., Baur, M.M., Filipiak, A., Ager, C., Wiesenhofer, H., Nagl, M., Troppmair, J., and Amann, A. (2012). Molecular analysis of volatile metabolites released specifically by staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. BMC Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-113"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fedi, F., Miglietta, M.L., Polichetti, T., Ricciardella, F., Massera, E., Ninno, D., and Di Francia, G. (2015). A study on the physicochemical properties of hydroalcoholic solutions to improve the direct exfoliation of natural graphite down to few-layers graphene. Mater. Res. Express, 2.","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/2\/3\/035601"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24231","DOI":"10.3390\/s141224231","article-title":"Nanocrystalline tin oxide nanofibers deposited by a novel focused electrospinning method. Application to the detection of TATP precursors","volume":"14","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.03.059","article-title":"Single-walled carbon nanotube microsensors for nerve agent simulant detection","volume":"157","author":"Horrillo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(03)00532-9","article-title":"Effect of molecular weight on fibrous PVA produced by electrospinning","volume":"58","author":"Koski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201000313","article-title":"In2O3 nanofibers and nanoribbons: Preparation by electrospinning and their formaldehyde gas-sensing properties","volume":"2010","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2016.12.082","article-title":"Electrospinning fabrication and in situ mechanical investigation of individual graphene nanoribbon reinforced carbon nanofiber","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Carbon NY"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.09.093","article-title":"Fabrication of lithium manganese oxide nanoribbons by electrospinning: A general strategy and formation mechanism","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1921","article-title":"Tin oxide surfaces. Part 20.\u2014Electrical properties of tin(IV) oxide gel: Nature of the surface species controlling the electrical conductance in air as a function of temperature","volume":"85","author":"Harrison","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Tin dioxide gas sensors. Part 1.\u2014Aspects of the surface chemistry revealed by electrical conductance variations","volume":"83","author":"McAleer","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 1 Phys. Chem. Condens. Phases"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(79)90411-4","article-title":"Interactions of tin oxide surface with O2, H2O and H2","volume":"86","author":"Yamazoe","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1381-1169(99)00334-9","article-title":"Relationship between ethanol gas sensitivity and surface catalytic property of tin oxide sensors modified with acidic or basic oxides","volume":"155","author":"Jinkawa","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Mol. Catal. A Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, L., Xu, J., Dong, X., Pan, Q., Cheng, Z., Xiang, Q., and Li, F. (2008). The template-free synthesis of square-shaped SnO2 nanowires: The temperature effect and acetone gas sensors. Nanotechnology, 19.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/18\/185705"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014405811371","article-title":"Conduction model of metal oxide gas sensors","volume":"7","author":"Barsan","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Electroceramics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2639","DOI":"10.1039\/b921665k","article-title":"Interaction of water, hydrogen and their mixtures with SnO2 based materials: The role of surface hydroxyl groups in detection mechanisms","volume":"12","author":"Pavelko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"126","article-title":"Gas sensing mechanism of metal oxides: The role of ambient atmosphere, type of semiconductor and gases-A review","volume":"4","author":"Shankar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Lett. J"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"035501","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/28\/3\/035501","article-title":"Graphene-loaded tin oxide nanofibers: Optimization and sensing performance","volume":"28","author":"Abideen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.9.264","article-title":"Graphene-enhanced metal oxide gas sensors at room temperature: A review","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345503","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ab1ec0","article-title":"Influence of low-dimension carbon-based electrodes on the performance of SnO2 nanofiber gas sensors at room temperature","volume":"30","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1021\/am5071656","article-title":"Extraordinary improvement of gas-sensing performances in SnO2 nanofibers due to creation of local p\u2013N heterojunctions by loading reduced graphene oxide nanosheets","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/24\/7223\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:11Z","timestamp":1760179571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/24\/7223"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"24","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s20247223"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s20247223","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,17]]}}}