{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T10:40:25Z","timestamp":1781952025117,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003701","name":"Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NK224A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NK224A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of the Republic of Korea","award":["NRF-2012R1A3A1050386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2012R1A3A1050386"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multilateration tracking systems (MLTSs) are used in industrial three-dimensional (3D) coordinate measuring applications. For high-precision measurement, system parameters must be calibrated properly in advance. For an MLTS using absolute distance measurement (ADM), the conventional self-calibration method significantly reduces estimation efficiency because all system parameters are estimated simultaneously using a complicated residual function. This paper presents a novel self-calibration method that optimizes ADM to reduce the number of system parameters via highly precise and separate estimations of dead paths. Therefore, the residual function to estimate the tracking station locations can be simplified. By applying a suitable mathematical procedure and solving the initial guess problem without the aid of an external device, estimation accuracy of the system parameters is significantly improved. In three self-calibration experiments, with ADM repeatability of approximately 3.4 \u00b5m, the maximum deviation of the system parameters estimated by the proposed self-calibration method was 68.6 \u00b5m, while the maximum deviation estimated by the conventional self-calibration method was 711.9 \u00b5m. Validation of 3D coordinate measurements in a 1000 mm \u00d7 1000 mm \u00d7 1000 mm volume showed good agreement between the proposed ADM-based MLTS and a commercial laser tracker, where the maximum difference based on the standard deviation was 17.7 \u00b5m. Conversely, the maximum difference was 98.8 \u00b5m using the conventional self-calibration method. These results confirmed the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed self-calibration method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1608512468000},"page":"7288","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Improved Self-Calibration of a Multilateration System Based on Absolute Distance Measurement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Quoc Khanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultra-Precision Machines and Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano-Mechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungman","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultra-Precision Machines and Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Heum","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultra-Precision Machines and Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6181-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Kook","family":"Ro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultra-Precision Machines and Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0235-1739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wooram","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2013-9443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Seok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultra-Precision Machines and Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daejeon 34103, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nano-Mechatronics, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-8506(07)61702-8","article-title":"Large-scale metrology\u2013an update","volume":"51","author":"Estler","year":"2002","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2016.05.002","article-title":"Advances in large-scale metrology\u2013review and future trends","volume":"65","author":"Schmitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0736-5845(85)90110-3","article-title":"Robot performance measurements using automatic laser tracking techniques","volume":"2","author":"Lau","year":"1985","journal-title":"Robot. 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