{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T23:40:26Z","timestamp":1762299626681,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]],"date-time":"2020-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41820104005;41531068;41904004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41820104005;41531068;41904004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Opening Foundation of Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Natural Resource Investigation and Monitoring","award":["2020-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper develops a framework for extracting sub-canopy topography from the TanDEM-X digital elevation model (DEM) by fusing ALOS-2 PARSAR-2 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) coherence and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) data. The main idea of this method is to estimate the forest height signals caused by the limited penetration of the X-band into the canopy from the TanDEM-X DEM. To achieve this goal, a spaceborne repeat-pass InSAR coherent scattering model is first used to estimate the forest height by the ALOS-2 PARSAR-2 InSAR coherence (APIC), taking the GEDI canopy height as the reference. Then, a linear regression model of the TanDEM-X DEM Vegetation Bias (TDVB) depending on the forest height and the fraction of vegetation cover (FVC) is established and used to estimate the sub-canopy topography. The proposed method was validated by the data of the Amazon rainforest and a boreal forest in Canada. The results showed that the proposed method extracted the sub-canopy topography at the study sites in the tropical forest and boreal forest with the root mean square error of 4.0 m and 6.33 m, respectively, and improved the TanDEM-X DEM accuracy by 75.7% and 39.7%, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s20247304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T01:01:08Z","timestamp":1608512468000},"page":"7304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sub-Canopy Topography Estimation from TanDEM-X DEM by Fusing ALOS-2 PARSAR-2 InSAR Coherence and GEDI Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Pengyuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Jianjun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Haiqiang","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4461-068X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changcheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geosciences and Info-Physics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second Monitoring and Application Center, China Earthquake Administration, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-2716(02)00126-0","article-title":"Orthophoto generation using IKONOS imagery and high resolution DEM: A case study on volcanic hazard monitoring of Nisyros Island (Greece)","volume":"57","author":"Vassilopouloua","year":"2002","journal-title":"ISPRS J. 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