{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T16:12:08Z","timestamp":1784391128738,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608595200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011665","name":"Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP-214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP-214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A multitude of smart things and wirelessly connected Sensor Nodes (SNs) have pervasively facilitated the use of smart applications in every domain of life. Along with the bounties of smart things and applications, there are hazards of external and internal attacks. Unfortunately, mitigating internal attacks is quite challenging, where network lifespan (w.r.t. energy consumption at node level), latency, and scalability are the three main factors that influence the efficacy of security measures. Furthermore, most of the security measures provide centralized solutions, ignoring the decentralized nature of SN-powered Internet of Things (IoT) deployments. This paper presents an energy-efficient decentralized trust mechanism using a blockchain-based multi-mobile code-driven solution for detecting internal attacks in sensor node-powered IoT. The results validate the better performance of the proposed solution over existing solutions with 43.94% and 2.67% less message overhead in blackhole and greyhole attack scenarios, respectively. Similarly, the malicious node detection time is reduced by 20.35% and 11.35% in both blackhole and greyhole attacks. Both of these factors play a vital role in improving network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]],"date-time":"2020-12-22T20:39:29Z","timestamp":1608669569000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["A Blockchain-Based Multi-Mobile Code-Driven Trust Mechanism for Detecting Internal Attacks in Internet of Things"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9754-253X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noshina","family":"Tariq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2894-7891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Asim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7023-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farrukh Aslam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5166-4873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thar","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7732-3455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umair","family":"Khalid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6498-1528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelouahid","family":"Derhab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Excellence in Information Assurance (CoEIA), King Saud University, Riyadh 11653, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2019.102496","article-title":"LAM-CIoT: Lightweight authentication mechanism in cloud-based IoT environment","volume":"150","author":"Wazid","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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