{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T12:42:04Z","timestamp":1773405724722,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Defence","award":["7101\/01\u2013E.F.2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7101\/01\u2013E.F.2020"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research","award":["2017L2RLZ2_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017L2RLZ2_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Quantifying muscle fatigue is a key aspect of everyday sport practice. A reliable and objective solution that can fulfil this task would be deeply important for two main reasons: (i) it would grant an objective indicator to adjust the daily training load for each player and (ii) it would provide an innovative tool to reduce the risk of fatigue-related injuries. Available solutions for objectively quantifying the fatigue level of fatigue can be invasive for the athlete; they could alter the performance or they are not compatible with daily practice on the playground. Building on previous findings that identified fatigue-related parameters in the kinematic of the counter-movement jump (CMJ), this study evaluates the physical response to a fatigue protocol (i.e., Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1) in 16 football referees, by monitoring CMJ performance with wearable magneto-inertial measurement units (MIMU). Nineteen kinematic parameters were selected as suitable indicators for fatigue detection. The analysis of their variations allowed us to distinguish two opposites but coherent responses to the fatigue protocol. Indeed, eight out of sixteen athletes showed reduced performance (e.g., an effective fatigue condition), while the other eight athletes experienced an improvement of the execution likely due to the so-called Post-Activation Potentiation. In both cases, the above parameters were significantly influenced by the fatigue protocol (p &lt; 0.05), confirming their validity for fatigue monitoring. Interesting correlations between several kinematic parameters and muscular mass were highlighted in the fatigued group. Finally, a \u201cfatigue approximation index\u201d was proposed and validated as fatigue quantifier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T09:02:44Z","timestamp":1608800564000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Assessment of Biomechanical Response to Fatigue through Wearable Sensors in Semi-Professional Football Referees"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Luigi","family":"Truppa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics &amp; AI, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Michelangelo","family":"Guaitolini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics &amp; AI, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Garofalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TuringSense EU Lab s.r.l., 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Castagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Universit\u00e0 di Tor Vergata, 00118 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Italian Football Federation (FIGC) Technical Department, Football Training and Biomechanics Laboratory, 50135 Firenze, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0760-052X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Excellence in Robotics &amp; AI, Scuola Superiore Sant\u2019Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Fondazione don Carlo Gnocchi, 50143 Firenze, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.02149","article-title":"Functional, structural and molecular plasticity of mammalian skeletal muscle in response to exercise stimuli","volume":"209","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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