{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:28:38Z","timestamp":1760239718402,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization","award":["SamuRAI (Strategic Advancement of Multi-Purpose Ultra-Human Robot and Artificial Intelligence Technologies) project"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SamuRAI (Strategic Advancement of Multi-Purpose Ultra-Human Robot and Artificial Intelligence Technologies) project"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To evaluate and improve the value of a service, it is important to measure not only the outcomes, but also the process of the service. Value co-creation (VCC) is not limited to outcomes, especially in interpersonal services based on interactions between actors. In this paper, a sensing framework for a VCC process in retail stores is proposed by improving an environment recognition based indoor positioning system with high positioning performance in a metal shelf environment. The conventional indoor positioning systems use radio waves; therefore, errors are caused by reflection, absorption, and interference from metal shelves. An improvement in positioning performance was achieved in the proposed method by using an IR (infrared) slit and IR light, which avoids such errors. The system was designed to recognize many and unspecified people based on the environment recognition method that the receivers had installed, in the service environment. In addition, sensor networking was also conducted by adding a function to transmit payload and identification simultaneously to the beacons that were attached to positioning objects. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by installing it not only in an experimental environment with ideal conditions, but posteriorly, the system was tested in real conditions, in a retail store. In our experimental setup, in a comparison with equal element numbers, positioning identification was possible within an error of 96.2 mm in a static environment in contrast to the radio wave based method where an average positioning error of approximately 648 mm was measured using the radio wave based method (Bluetooth low-energy fingerprinting technique). Moreover, when multiple beacons were used simultaneously in our system within the measurement range of one receiver, the appropriate setting of the pulse interval and jitter rate was implemented by simulation. Additionally, it was confirmed that, in a real scenario, it is possible to measure the changes in movement and positional relationships between people. This result shows the feasibility of measuring and evaluating the VCC process in retail stores, although it was difficult to measure the interaction between actors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]],"date-time":"2020-12-25T09:30:19Z","timestamp":1608888619000},"page":"83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sensing Framework for the Internet of Actors in the Value Co-Creation Process with a Beacon-Attachable Indoor Positioning System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2339-5298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keiichi","family":"Zempo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taiga","family":"Arai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takuya","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yukihiko","family":"Okada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-007-0069-6","article-title":"Service-dominant logic: Continuing the evolution","volume":"36","author":"Vargo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2017.08.018","article-title":"How valuable are your customers in the brand value co-creation process? The development of a Customer Co-Creation Value (CCCV) scale","volume":"82","author":"Merz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bus. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2010.02.001","article-title":"Value co-creation among retailers and consumers: New insights into the furniture market","volume":"17","author":"Andreu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Spena, T.R., Carid\u00e0, A., Colurcio, M., and Melia, M. (2012). Store experience and co-creation: The case of temporary shop. Int. J. Retail. Distrib. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/10496491.2014.885480","article-title":"Creating shopper value: Co-creation roles, in-store self-service technology use, and value differentiation","volume":"20","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Promot. Manag."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1094670514529187","article-title":"The role of customer engagement behavior in value co-creation: A service system perspective","volume":"17","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Serv. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s11747-014-0397-2","article-title":"Value co-creation: Concept and measurement","volume":"44","author":"Ranjan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Acad. Mark. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/rob.20255","article-title":"Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge","volume":"25","author":"Urmson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Field Robot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/1095796019836750","article-title":"Uber Eats the World","volume":"Volume 28","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Labor Forum"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e315","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.6759","article-title":"Influence of Pok\u00e9mon Go on physical activity: Study and implications","volume":"18","author":"Althoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza-Silva, G.M., Torres-Sospedra, J., and Huerta, J. (2019). A meta-review of indoor positioning systems. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19204507"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arai, T., Yoshizawa, T., Aoki, T., Zempo, K., and Okada, Y. (2019, January 11\u201313). Evaluation of indoor positioning system based on attachable infrared beacons in metal shelf environment. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCE.2019.8662007"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suda, Y., Arai, T., Yoshizawa, T., Fujita, Y., Zempo, K., and Okada, Y. (2019, January 11\u201314). Shopping baskets for on-line beacon sensor network in retail store. Proceedings of the 2019 16th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), Las Vegas, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CCNC.2019.8651857"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25157","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025157","article-title":"Hyperbolic positioning with antenna arrays and multi-channel pseudolite for indoor localization","volume":"15","author":"Fujii","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3390\/s17051093","article-title":"Fusion based on visible light positioning and inertial navigation using extended Kalman filters","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramadhan, H., Yustiawan, Y., and Kwon, J. (2020). Applying Movement Constraints to BLE RSSI-Based Indoor Positioning for Extracting Valid Semantic Trajectories. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020527"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Chen, G., Yang, M., and Jin, S. (2020). A Multi-Mode PDR Perception and Positioning System Assisted by Map Matching and Particle Filtering. ISPRS Int. J. Geoinf., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020093"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Jiang, M., Guo, Z., Hu, N., Sun, Z., and Liu, J. (2016). An indoor positioning method for smartphones using landmarks and PDR. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16122135"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, I. (2020). Smartphone location recognition: A deep learning-based approach. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010214"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duque Domingo, J., Cerrada, C., Valero, E., and Cerrada, J.A. (2017). An improved indoor positioning system using RGB-D cameras and wireless networks for use in complex environments. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102391"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merriaux, P., Dupuis, Y., Boutteau, R., Vasseur, P., and Savatier, X. (2017). A study of vicon system positioning performance. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17071591"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2347691","article-title":"Real-time RFID indoor positioning system based on Kalman-filter drift removal and Heron-bilateration location estimation","volume":"64","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, J., Jin, C., and Liu, D. (2016). A Survey on the Research of Indoor RFID Positioning System. International Conference on Cloud Computing and Security, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-48674-1_24"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raharijaona, T., Mawonou, R., Nguyen, T.V., Colonnier, F., Boyron, M., Diperi, J., and Viollet, S. (2017). Local positioning system using flickering infrared leds. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17112518"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arbula, D., and Ljubic, S. (2020). Indoor Localization Based on Infrared Angle of Arrival Sensor Network. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216278"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cong, L., Wang, H., Qin, H., and Liu, L. (2018). An Environmentally-Adaptive Positioning Method Based on Integration of GPS\/DTMB\/FM. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124292"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liao, X., Chen, R., Li, M., Guo, B., Niu, X., and Zhang, W. (2019). Design of a Smartphone Indoor Positioning Dynamic Ground Truth Reference System Using Robust Visual Encoded Targets. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051261"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baronti, P., Barsocchi, P., Chessa, S., Mavilia, F., and Palumbo, F. (2018). Indoor Bluetooth low energy dataset for localization, tracking, occupancy, and social interaction. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18124462"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.S. (2018). A BLE-based pedestrian navigation system for car searching in indoor parking garages. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051442"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Ding, Y., Li, P., Wang, R., and Li, Y. (2017). An RFID indoor positioning algorithm based on Bayesian probability and K-nearest neighbor. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081806"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Li, B., Jiang, Y., and Wen, C.Y. (2016). A camera-based target detection and positioning UAV system for search and rescue (SAR) purposes. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16111778"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2012.06.004","article-title":"A survey of active and passive indoor localisation systems","volume":"35","author":"Deak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3390\/mi6060793","article-title":"PDR\/INS\/WiFi integration based on handheld devices for indoor pedestrian navigation","volume":"6","author":"Zhuang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Micromachines"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Si, M., Wang, Y., Xu, S., Sun, M., and Cao, H. (2020). A Wi-Fi FTM-Based Indoor Positioning Method with LOS\/NLOS Identification. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10030956"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Do, T.H., and Yoo, M. (2016). An in-depth survey of visible light communication based positioning systems. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050678"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1963","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2018.2806558","article-title":"A survey of positioning systems using visible LED lights","volume":"20","author":"Zhuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3299769","article-title":"Indoor positioning based on visible light communication: A performance-based survey of real-world prototypes","volume":"52","author":"Afzalan","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2016.2624754","article-title":"Past, present, and future of simultaneous localization and mapping: Toward the robust-perception age","volume":"32","author":"Cadena","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, G., and Ming, Y. (2016). Survey of indoor positioning systems based on ultra-wideband (UWB) technology. Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-81-322-2580-5_115"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarifi, A., Al-Salman, A., Alsaleh, M., Alnafessah, A., Al-Hadhrami, S., Al-Ammar, M.A., and Al-Khalifa, H.S. (2016). Ultra wideband indoor positioning technologies: Analysis and recent advances. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16050707"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-017-4734-x","article-title":"Precise indoor positioning using UWB: A review of methods, algorithms and implementations","volume":"97","author":"Mazhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2676430","article-title":"Mobility increases localizability: A survey on wireless indoor localization using inertial sensors","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACM Comput. Surv."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, E.M., Ahmed, D.B., and Kaiser, S. (2019). A review of indoor localization methods based on inertial sensors. Geographical and Fingerprinting Data to Create Systems for Indoor Positioning and Indoor\/Outdoor Navigation, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813189-3.00016-2"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, P., and Yoo, M. (2016). VLC-based positioning system for an indoor environment using an image sensor and an accelerometer sensor. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16060783"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Correa, A., Barcelo, M., Morell, A., and Vicario, J.L. (2017). A review of pedestrian indoor positioning systems for mass market applications. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17081927"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Niculescu, D., and Nath, B. (April, January 30). Ad hoc positioning system (APS) using AOA. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-Second Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (IEEE Cat. No. 03CH37428), San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2013.2294061","article-title":"A new three object triangulation algorithm for mobile robot positioning","volume":"30","author":"Pierlot","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, J., Hu, X., Gu, F., Wang, D., and Yu, S. (2015). Improvement schemes for indoor mobile location estimation: A survey. Math. Probl. Eng., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/397298"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750","article-title":"Survey of wireless indoor positioning techniques and systems","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2007.4407221","article-title":"Localization systems for wireless sensor networks","volume":"14","author":"Boukerche","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Bahl, P., and Padmanabhan, V.N. (2000, January 26\u201330). RADAR: An in-building RF-based user location and tracking system. Proceedings of the IEEE INFOCOM 2000, Conference on Computer Communications, Nineteenth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (Cat. No. 00CH37064), Tel Aviv, Israel."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2014.24","article-title":"Building a practical Wi-Fi-based indoor navigation system","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Pervasive Comput."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"068154","DOI":"10.1155\/ASP\/2006\/68154","article-title":"A new location estimation system for wireless networks based on linear discriminant functions and hidden Markov models","volume":"2006","year":"2006","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Subbu, K.P., Gozick, B., and Dantu, R. (2011, January 9\u201312). Indoor localization through dynamic time warping. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Anchorage, AK, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Wu, H., He, S., and Chan, S.H.G. (2017, January 20\u201322). Efficient sequence matching and path construction for geomagnetic indoor localization. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks, Uppsala, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Youssef, M., and Agrawala, A. (2005, January 6\u20138). The Horus WLAN location determination system. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1145\/1067170.1067193"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Madigan, D., Einahrawy, E., Martin, R.P., Ju, W.H., Krishnan, P., and Krishnakumar, A. (2005, January 13\u201317). Bayesian indoor positioning systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, Miami, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/17489725.2012.694723","article-title":"Probability kernel regression for WiFi localisation","volume":"6","author":"Mirowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Locat. Based Serv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khandker, S., Torres-Sospedra, J., and Ristaniemi, T. (2020). Analysis of Received Signal Strength Quantization in Fingerprinting Localization. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20113203"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1109\/MCG.2005.140","article-title":"Pedestrian tracking with shoe-mounted inertial sensors","volume":"25","author":"Foxlin","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Comput. Graph. Appl."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jim\u00e9nez, A.R., Seco, F., Prieto, J.C., and Guevara, J. (2010, January 11\u201312). Indoor pedestrian navigation using an INS\/EKF framework for yaw drift reduction and a foot-mounted IMU. Proceedings of the 2010 7th Workshop on Positioning, Navigation and Communication, Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/WPNC.2010.5649300"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zampella, F., Khider, M., Robertson, P., and Jim\u00e9nez, A. (2012, January 23\u201326). Unscented Kalman filter and magnetic angular rate update (MARU) for an improved pedestrian dead-reckoning. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE\/ION Position, Location and Navigation Symposium, Myrtle Beach, SC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/PLANS.2012.6236874"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9156","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409156","article-title":"Inertial pocket navigation system: Unaided 3D positioning","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2382568","article-title":"SmartPDR: Smartphone-based pedestrian dead reckoning for indoor localization","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jimenez, A.R., Seco, F., Prieto, C., and Guevara, J. (2009, January 26\u201328). A comparison of pedestrian dead-reckoning algorithms using a low-cost MEMS IMU. Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/WISP.2009.5286542"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSNET.2019.097555","article-title":"An improved MDS localisation algorithm for a WSN in a sub-surface mine","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zou, H., Jiang, H., Luo, Y., Zhu, J., Lu, X., and Xie, L. (2016). Bluedetect: An ibeacon-enabled scheme for accurate and energy-efficient indoor-outdoor detection and seamless location-based service. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020268"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Yang, X., and Deng, L. (2018). An IBeacon-based location system for smart home control. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18061897"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, K., Liu, A., Wang, W., Li, P., and Chen, X. (2018). A novel fingerprint sensing technology based on electrostatic imaging. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18093050"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Zhao, L., Tan, D., and Tong, X. (2019). BLE fingerprint indoor localization algorithm based on eight-neighborhood template matching. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19224859"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11085","DOI":"10.3390\/s130811085","article-title":"An improved algorithm to generate a Wi-Fi fingerprint database for indoor positioning","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Arai, T., Chida, Y., Okada, Y., and Zempo, K. (2019, January 11\u201313). Sensor network to measure MAAI on value co-creation process: Feasibility study of MAAI optimization on customer service. Proceedings of the 2019 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing, London, UK."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/83\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:46:04Z","timestamp":1760179564000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/83"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21010083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21010083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,25]]}}}