{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:28:47Z","timestamp":1760239727287,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIOSTRATEG3\/343779\/10\/NCBR\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOSTRATEG3\/343779\/10\/NCBR\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Honeybee workers have a specific smell depending on the age of workers and the biological status of the colony. Laboratory tests were carried out at the Department of Apiculture at UWM Olsztyn, using gas sensors installed in two twin prototype multi-sensor detectors. The study aimed to compare the responses of sensors to the odor of old worker bees (3\u20136 weeks old), young ones (0\u20131 days old), and those from long-term queenless colonies. From the experimental colonies, 10 samples of 100 workers were taken for each group and placed successively in the research chambers for the duration of the study. Old workers came from outer nest combs, young workers from hatching out brood in an incubator, and laying worker bees from long-term queenless colonies from brood combs (with laying worker bee\u2019s eggs, humped brood, and drones). Each probe was measured for 10 min, and then immediately for another 10 min ambient air was given to regenerate sensors. The results were analyzed using 10 different classifiers. Research has shown that the devices can distinguish between the biological status of bees. The effectiveness of distinguishing between classes, determined by the parameters of accuracy balanced and true positive rate, of 0.763 and 0.742 in the case of the best euclidean.1nn classifier, may be satisfactory in the context of practical beekeeping. Depending on the environment accompanying the tested objects (a type of insert in the test chamber), the introduction of other classifiers as well as baseline correction methods may be considered, while the selection of the appropriate classifier for the task may be of great importance for the effectiveness of the classification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010166","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1609271725000},"page":"166","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Classifying the Biological Status of Honeybee Workers Using Gas Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4692-5474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub T.","family":"Wilk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"B\u0105k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5508-9856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Artiemjew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematical Methods and Computer Science Division, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3137-7957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Wilde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Siuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Apiculture Division, Faculty of Animal Bioengineering, University Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 48, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blomquist, G.J., and Bagneres, A.-G. (2010). Nestmate recognition in social insects and the role of hydrocarbons. Insect Hydrocarbons, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511711909"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e41855","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.41855","article-title":"The cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of honey bee workers develop via a socially-modulated innate process","volume":"8","author":"Vernier","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1959.11096745","article-title":"Queen Substance","volume":"40","author":"Butler","year":"1959","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00114-003-0462-z","article-title":"The effect of queen pheromones on worker honey bee ovary development","volume":"90","author":"Hoover","year":"2003","journal-title":"Naturwissenschaften"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s13592-019-00689-6","article-title":"Do rebel workers in the honeybee Apis mellifera avoid worker policing?","volume":"50","author":"Rojek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1080\/0005772X.1939.11093931","article-title":"The Unexplained Queen","volume":"20","author":"Gregg","year":"1939","journal-title":"Bee World"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"251","article-title":"Drones from fertilized eggs and biology of sex determination in the honeybee","volume":"9","author":"Woyke","year":"1963","journal-title":"Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci. Cl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0925-4005(94)87085-3","article-title":"A brief history of electronic noses","volume":"18","author":"Gardner","year":"1994","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10709","DOI":"10.3390\/s140610709","article-title":"Application of an Electronic Nose Instrument to Fast Classification of Polish Honey Types","volume":"14","author":"Dymerski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szczurek, A., Maciejewska, M., Ba\u0328k, B., Wilk, J., Wilde, J., and Siuda, M. (2020). Gas sensor array and classifier as a means of varroosis detection. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20010117"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1006\/fstl.1998.0376","article-title":"\u201cElectronic Noses\u201d and Their Application to Food","volume":"31","author":"Schaller","year":"1998","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1051\/apido:2004025","article-title":"Original article electronic nose and neural network use for the classification of honey","volume":"35","author":"Benedetti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Apidologie"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-003-0834-9","article-title":"Classification of unifloral honeys with an MS-based electronic nose using different sampling modes: SHS, SPME and INDEX","volume":"218","author":"Ampuero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abell\u00e1n, J., and Castellano, J.G. (2017). Improving the Naive Bayes Classifier via a Quick Variable Selection Method Using Maximum of Entropy. Entropy, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/e19060247"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saadatfar, H., Khosravi, S., Joloudari, J.H., Mosavi, A., and Shamshirband, S. (2020). A New K-Nearest Neighbors Classifier for Big Data Based on Efficient Data Pruning. Mathematics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/math8020286"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compag.2019.04.033","article-title":"Semiconductor gas sensor as a detector of Varroa destructor infestation of honeybee colonies\u2014Statistical evaluation","volume":"162","author":"Szczurek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput. Electron. Agric."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"452","article-title":"Granular Computing in Decision Approximation, An Application of Rough Mereology","volume":"Volume 77","author":"Polkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Series: Intelligent Systems Reference Library"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/166\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:47:23Z","timestamp":1760179643000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/166"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21010166"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21010166","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]}}}