{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T23:42:47Z","timestamp":1774914167534,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012389","name":"National Institute of Information and Communications Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research and development of technologies for high-speed wireless communication from inside to outside of the body and large-scale data analyses of brain information and their application for BMI"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research and development of technologies for high-speed wireless communication from inside to outside of the body and large-scale data analyses of brain information and their application for BMI"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012389","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18H04166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18H04166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004206","name":"Osaka University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["The grant for supporting researchers to establish a start-up company"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["The grant for supporting researchers to establish a start-up company"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004206","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a growing interest in the use of electrocorticographic (ECoG) signals in brain\u2013machine interfaces (BMIs). However, there is still a lack of studies involving the long-term evaluation of the tissue response related to electrode implantation. Here, we investigated biocompatibility, including chronic tissue response to subdural electrodes and a fully implantable wireless BMI device. We implanted a half-sized fully implantable device with subdural electrodes in six beagles for 6 months. Histological analysis of the surrounding tissues, including the dural membrane and cortices, was performed to evaluate the effects of chronic implantation. Our results showed no adverse events, including infectious signs, throughout the 6-month implantation period. Thick connective tissue proliferation was found in the surrounding tissues in the epidural space and subcutaneous space. Quantitative measures of subdural reactive tissues showed minimal encapsulation between the electrodes and the underlying cortex. Immunohistochemical evaluation showed no significant difference in the cell densities of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia between the implanted sites and contralateral sites. In conclusion, we established a beagle model to evaluate cortical implantable devices. We confirmed that a fully implantable wireless device and subdural electrodes could be stably maintained with sufficient biocompatibility in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]],"date-time":"2020-12-29T19:55:25Z","timestamp":1609271725000},"page":"178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Minimal Tissue Reaction after Chronic Subdural Electrode Implantation for Fully Implantable Brain\u2013Machine Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tianfang","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seiji","family":"Kameda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katsuyoshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ogino Memorial Laboratory, Nihon Kohden Corporation, Tokorozawa 359-0037, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taro","family":"Kaiju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Inoue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takafumi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological Diagnosis and Restoration, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2010.09.010","article-title":"Evolution of brain-computer interface: Action potentials, local field potentials and electrocorticograms","volume":"20","author":"Moran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. 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