{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T03:29:53Z","timestamp":1760239793694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detailed assessment of fetal breathing movement (FBM) monitoring can be a pre-indicator of many critical cases in the third trimester of pregnancy. Standard 3D ultrasound monitoring is time-consuming for FBM detection. Therefore, this type of measurement is not common. The main goal of this research is to provide a comprehensive image about FBMs, which can also have potential for application in telemedicine. Fifty pregnancies were examined by phonography, and nearly 9000 FBMs were identified. In the case of male and female fetuses, 4740 and 3100 FBM episodes were detected, respectively. The measurements proved that FBMs are well detectable in the 20\u201330 Hz frequency band. For these episodes, an average duration of 1.008 \u00b1 0.13 s (p &lt; 0.03) was measured in the third trimester. The recorded material lasted for 16 h altogether. Based on these measurements, an accurate assessment of FBMs could be performed. The epochs can be divided into smaller-episode groups separated by shorter breaks. During the pregnancy, the rate of these breaks continuously decreases, and episode groups become more contiguous. However, there are significant differences between male and female fetuses. The proportion of the episodes which were classified into minimally 10-member episode groups was 19.7% for males and only 12.1% for females, even at the end of the third trimester. In terms of FBM detection, phonography offers a novel opportunity for long-term monitoring. Combined with cardiac diagnostic methods, it can be used for fetal activity assessment in the third trimester and make measurement appreciably easier than before.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]],"date-time":"2020-12-31T14:31:49Z","timestamp":1609425109000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Novel Phonography-Based Measurement for Fetal Breathing Movement in the Third Trimester"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"M\u00e1rton \u00c1ron","family":"Goda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University, Pr\u00e1ter utca 50\/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Telek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Margaret Hospital, B\u00e9csi \u00fat 132, 1032 Budapest, Hungary"}]},{"given":"Ferenc","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter Catholic University, Pr\u00e1ter utca 50\/a, 1083 Budapest, Hungary"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Esin, S., Okuyan, E., Zengin, H.Y., Hayran, M., and Tohma, Y.A. (2020). A novel technique for prediction of preterm birth: Fetal nasal flow Doppler. J. Perinat. Med.","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2020-0276"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2010.10.006","article-title":"Fetal phonocardiography-Past and future possibilities","volume":"104","author":"Balogh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Methods Programs Biomed."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2013.10.016","article-title":"Analysis of intrauterine fetal demisedA hospital-based study in Taiwanover a decade","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Preyer, W. (1885). Specielle Physiologie des Embryo. Leipz. T Grieben., 146\u2013172."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"203","article-title":"\u00dcber bisher noch nicht beschriebene intrauterine Bewegungen des Kindes","volume":"2","author":"Ahlfeld","year":"1888","journal-title":"Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Gynakol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(66)80456-0","article-title":"Functional development of the fetal lung","volume":"68","author":"Adams","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(78)90744-5","article-title":"Patterns of human fetal breathing activity at 34 to 35 weeks\u2019 gestational age","volume":"132","author":"Patrick","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1980.8.3.150","article-title":"Behavioral states and breathing activity in the fetus near term","volume":"8","author":"Junge","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Perinat. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Noguchi, Y., and Walter, H. (1989, January 27\u201328). Breathing modulates fetal heart rate. Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Northeast Bioengineering Conference, Boston, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"280","article-title":"The variability of fetal breathing movements in normal human fetuses at term","volume":"11","author":"Andrews","year":"1985","journal-title":"Var. Fetal. Breath. Mov. Norm. Hum. Fetuses Term."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1981.324769","article-title":"The Measurement of Fetal Movement Using a Strain-Gauge Transducer","volume":"28","author":"Berger","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1986.325850","article-title":"Wide Bandwidth Fetal Phonography Using a Sensor Matched to the Compliance of the Mother\u2019s Abdominal Wall","volume":"33","author":"Talberg","year":"1986","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1109\/10.18754","article-title":"A Transducer for Detection of Fetal Breathing Movements","volume":"36","author":"Goovaerts","year":"1989","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/14\/3\/015","article-title":"A transducer for detecting foetal breathing movements using PVDF film","volume":"14","author":"Ansourian","year":"1993","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Moczko, J.A., Jezewski, J., and Gacek, A. (November, January 29). Detection of Fetal Breathing Movements with Joint Time-Frequency Analysis of Cardiotocogram Records. Proceedings of the 20th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Vol. 20 Biomedical Engineering Towards the Year 2000 and Beyond, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1391","article-title":"Using Modified Fetal Monitor and Signal Processing to Detect Fetal Breathing Movement","volume":"2","author":"Foulquiere","year":"2000","journal-title":"IEEE Symp. Ultrason."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1002\/uog.5329","article-title":"Photogrammetry of fetal breathing movements during the third trimester of pregnancy: Observations in normal and abnormal pregnancies","volume":"32","author":"Florido","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1984.tb05275.x","article-title":"The rate and regularity of breathing movements in the normal and growth-retarded fetus","volume":"91","author":"Dornan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.1983.325054","article-title":"A Tracking System for Pulsed Ultrasound Images: Application to Quantification of Fetal Breathing Movements","volume":"BME-30","author":"Cousin","year":"1983","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1109\/51.376759","article-title":"Analyzing Fetal Breathing Rates Using Matching Pursuits","volume":"14","author":"Akay","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Eng. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-2243(89)90003-8","article-title":"Fetal hiccups; characteristics and relation to fetal heart rate","volume":"30","author":"Caron","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.65.10_Spec_No.1072","article-title":"Hiccups and breathing in human fetuses Hospital","volume":"65","author":"Pillai","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zemb, P., Gon\u00e7alves, H., Bellec, J., and Bernardes, J. (2013, January 20\u201322). Prenatal observation of heart rate sequences presenting entropic analogies with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Preliminary report. Proceedings of the 26th IEEE International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems 2013, Porto, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2013.6627831"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0342-9","article-title":"Fetal heart rate, heart rate variability, and heart rate\/movement coupling in the Safe Passage Study","volume":"39","author":"Shuffrey","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kov\u00e1cs, F., Goda, M.\u00c1., Hossz\u00fa, G., and Telek, T. (2020, January 20\u201324). A Proposed Phonography-Based Measurement of Fetal Breathing Movement Using Segmented Structures with Frequency Splitting. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9175477"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Biophysical profile for fetal assessment in high risk pregnancies","volume":"2","author":"Lalor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2015.05.010","article-title":"Analysis of fetal heart rate asymmetry before and after 35 weeks ofgestation","volume":"21","author":"Karmakar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Signal Process. Control."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zizzo, A.R., Kirkegaard, I., Hansen, J., Uldbjerg, N., and M\u00f8lgaard, H. (2020). Fetal Heart Rate Variability Is Affected by Fetal Movements: A Systematic Review. Front. Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2020.578898"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.2217\/iim.11.39","article-title":"The use of 4D imaging in the behavioral assessment of high-risk fetuses","volume":"3","author":"Kurjak","year":"2011","journal-title":"Imaging Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S40070","article-title":"Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Antenatal and Postnatal Aspects","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ulusar, U., Sanhal, C.Y., and Mendilcioglu, I. (2017, January 16\u201319). Ultrasound-based computer-aided tracking technique of fetal breathing movement analysis for intrauterine growth restriction. Proceedings of the 27th World Congress on Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L491","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00432.2016","article-title":"Novel role of NPY in neuroimmune interaction and lung growth after intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"313","author":"Thangaratnarajah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00055","article-title":"Neonatal Morbidities of Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology and Impact","volume":"10","author":"Malhotra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/211\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:20Z","timestamp":1760179700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/211"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21010211"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21010211","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,31]]}}}