{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T08:37:05Z","timestamp":1778575025158,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]],"date-time":"2021-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper focuses on the investigation of the diagnostic system for health monitoring and defects, detecting in composite structures using a piezoelectric sensor. A major overview of structural defects in composite materials that have an influence on product performance as well as material strength is presented. Particularly, the proposed diagnostic (health monitoring) system enables to monitor the composite material plate defects during the exploitation in real-time. The investigated health monitoring system can indicate the material structure defects when the periodic test input signal is provided to excite the plate. Especially, the diagnostic system is useful when the defect placement is hard to be identified. In this work, several various numerical and experimental studies were carried out. Particularly, during the first study, the piezoelectric transducer was used to produce mechanical excitation to the composite plate when the impact response is measured with another piezoelectric sensor. The second study focuses on the defect identification algorithms of the raw hologram data consisting of the recorded oscillation modes of the affected composite plate. The main paper results obtained in both studies enable us to determine whether the composite material is characterized by mechanical defects occurring during the response to the periodic excitation. In case of damage, the observed response amplitude was decreased by 70%. Finally, using the time-domain experimental results, the frequency response functions (FRFs) are applied to damage detection assessment and to obtain extra damage information.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T19:54:46Z","timestamp":1609703686000},"page":"253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Piezoelectric Transducer-Based Diagnostic System for Composite Structure Health Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6610-6797","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egidijus","family":"Draga\u0161ius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str., 56-321 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4140-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darius","family":"Eidukynas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str., 56-321 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vytautas","family":"J\u016br\u0117nas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mechatronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str., 56-005 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Darius","family":"Ma\u017eeika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str., 56-321 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mantas","family":"Galdikas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu str., 56-321 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5742-7609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Mystkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45D, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3386-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Mystkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45C, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbin, A.-C., Sala, B., Soulat, D., Ferreira, M., Labanieh, A.-R., and Placet, V. (2020). Development of quasi-unidirectional fabrics with hemp fiber: A competitive reinforcement for composite materials. J. Compos. Mater.","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998320954230"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998318824783","article-title":"Least-weight composite plates with unconventional stacking sequences: Design, analysis and experiments","volume":"53","author":"Montemurro","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0894-9166(14)60033-1","article-title":"A Note on mori-tanaka\u2019s method","volume":"27","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Mech. Solida Sin."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"71","article-title":"Development of smart piezoceramic transducers for detection of solidification in composite materials","volume":"5384","author":"Palevicius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.09.486","article-title":"Numerical Modeling of the Microstructure of Ceramic-Metallic Materials","volume":"199","author":"Kurzawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.5755\/j01.mech.20.5.7080","article-title":"Investigation of elasticity of magnetosensitive adaptive materials for laminated composite structures","volume":"20","author":"Korobko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mechanika"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"23","article-title":"The strength investigation of the composite material with implanted sensors","volume":"21","author":"Eidukynas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mechanika"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heslehurst, R.B. (2014). Defects and Damage in Composite Materials and Structures, Taylor & Francis Group.","DOI":"10.1201\/b16765"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2013.12.128","article-title":"Damage of Composite Materials","volume":"66","author":"Jollivet","year":"2013","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2005.11.040","article-title":"Fatigue response of thick section fiberglass\/epoxy composites","volume":"79","author":"Salekeen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125019","DOI":"10.1088\/0964-1726\/22\/12\/125019","article-title":"A novel Bayesian imaging method for probabilistic delamination detection of composite materials","volume":"22","author":"Peng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeleniakiene, D., Monastyreckis, G., Aniskevich, A., and Griskevicius, P. (2020). Deformation and Failure of MXene Nanosheets. Materials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma13051253"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.07.010","article-title":"Evaluation of a critical impact energy in GFRP under fatigue loading","volume":"102","author":"Kosmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065301","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/46\/6\/065301","article-title":"Rheological and thermal study of the curing process of a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin: Application to the optimization of the ultimate thermomechanical and electrical properties","volume":"46","author":"Palomo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Phys. D Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5387","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-013-7333-6","article-title":"Chemical shrinkage characterization techniques for thermoset resins and associated composites","volume":"48","author":"Nawab","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radphyschem.2006.03.025","article-title":"Volume changes at macro- and nano-scale in epoxy resins studied by PALS and PVT experimental techniques","volume":"76","author":"Somoza","year":"2007","journal-title":"Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s11029-013-9318-6","article-title":"Studies on the failure analysis of composite materials with manufacturing defects","volume":"49","author":"Talreja","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1106\/009524402028162","article-title":"Mechanical Properties of Nylon6 Cord-Rubber Composite Subjected to Biaxial Tensile Loads","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Elastomers Plast."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.09.017","article-title":"Relationship of dielectric property change to composite material state degradation","volume":"105","author":"Raihan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5169","DOI":"10.3390\/ma3125169","article-title":"Applications of Piezoelectric Materials in Structural Health Monitoring and Repair: Selected Research Examples","volume":"3","author":"Duan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, T., He, B., Zhang, Y., and Wang, L. (2020). Detecting of the Longitudinal Grouting Quality in Prestressed Curved Tendon Duct Using Piezoceramic Transducers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20041212"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, M., Ma, Y., Zeng, H., Liu, J., Jiang, L., Yang, G., and Gu, Y. (2020). Developing a Multi-Element Sensor to Non-Destructively Monitor Several Fundamental Parameters Related to Concrete Durability. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195607"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., and Chen, Y. (2020). Experimental Study on Damage Identification of Nano-SiO2 Concrete Filled GFRP Tube Column Using Piezoceramic Transducers. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20102883"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stepinski, T., and Engholm, M. (2007, January 20\u201322). Design of piezoelectric transducers for health monitoring of composite aircraft structures. Proceedings of the Nondestructive Characterization for Composite Materials, Aerospace Engineering, Civil Infrastructure, and Homeland Security, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.715151"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Dragan, K., Dziendzikowski, M., Kurnyta, A., Leski, A., and Bienias, J. (2014, January 22\u201326). Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Structures with Use of Embedded PZT Piezoelectric Sensors. Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Composite Materials, Seville, Spain."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qing, X., Li, W., Wang, Y., and Sun, H. (2019). Piezoelectric Transducer-Based Structural Health Monitoring for Aircraft Applications. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19030545"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-8368(01)00017-8","article-title":"Health monitoring of concrete structures strengthened with advanced composite materials using piezoelectric transducers","volume":"32","author":"Saafi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/S1000-9361(08)60133-8","article-title":"Design and Experiment of PZT Network-based Structural Health Monitoring Scanning System","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Aeronaut."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.11.416","article-title":"Arrays of Conformable Ultrasonic Lamb Wave Transducers for Structural Health Monitoring with Real-time Electronics","volume":"87","author":"Capineri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mystkowski, A., and Ostasevicius, V. (2020). Experimental Study of Macro Fiber Composite-Magnet Energy Harvester for Self-Powered Active Magnetic Bearing Rotor Vibration Sensor. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184806"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Du, Y., Tang, J., Kang, G., and Miao, H. (2020). Circumferential SH Wave Piezoelectric Transducer System for Monitoring Corrosion-Like Defect in Large-Diameter Pipes. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020460"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huynh, T.-C., Nguyen, T.-D., Ho, D.-D., Dang, N.-L., and Kim, J.-T. (2020). Sensor Fault Diagnosis for Impedance Monitoring Using a Piezoelectric-Based Smart Interface Technique. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020510"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1006\/jsvi.2000.3390","article-title":"Structural damage detection using artificial neural networks and measured FRF data reduced via principal component projection","volume":"242","author":"Zang","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2006.00436.x","article-title":"Structural Damage Detection Method Using Uncertain Frequency Response Functions","volume":"21","author":"Furukawa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Civ. Infrastruct. Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2005.03.016","article-title":"Experimental investigation of seismic damage identification using PCA-compressed frequency response functions and neural networks","volume":"290","author":"Ni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/253\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:23Z","timestamp":1760159183000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/253"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21010253"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21010253","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]}}}