{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:21:23Z","timestamp":1773706883808,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821881"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821881"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["821115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["821115"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["339991"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["339991"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interest in measuring displacement gradients, such as rotation and strain, is growing in many areas of geophysical research. This results in an urgent demand for reliable and field-deployable instruments measuring these quantities. In order to further establish a high-quality standard for rotation and strain measurements in seismology, we organized a comparative sensor test experiment that took place in November 2019 at the Geophysical Observatory of the Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich in F\u00fcrstenfeldbruck, Germany. More than 24 different sensors, including three-component and single-component broadband rotational seismometers, six-component strong-motion sensors and Rotaphone systems, as well as the large ring laser gyroscopes ROMY and a Distributed Acoustic Sensing system, were involved in addition to 14 classical broadband seismometers and a 160 channel, 4.5 Hz geophone chain. The experiment consisted of two parts: during the first part, the sensors were co-located in a huddle test recording self-noise and signals from small, nearby explosions. In a second part, the sensors were distributed into the field in various array configurations recording seismic signals that were generated by small amounts of explosive and a Vibroseis truck. This paper presents details on the experimental setup and a first sensor performance comparison focusing on sensor self-noise, signal-to-noise ratios, and waveform similarities for the rotation rate sensors. Most of the sensors show a high level of coherency and waveform similarity within a narrow frequency range between 10 Hz and 20 Hz for recordings from a nearby explosion signal. Sensor as well as experiment design are critically accessed revealing the great need for reliable reference sensors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010264","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,3]],"date-time":"2021-01-03T19:54:46Z","timestamp":1609703686000},"page":"264","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Rotation, Strain, and Translation Sensors Performance Tests with Active Seismic Sources"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9509-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Bernauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department f\u00fcr Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}]},{"given":"Kathrin","family":"Behnen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department f\u00fcr Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4088-1792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joachim","family":"Wassermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department f\u00fcr Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3109-7055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sven","family":"Egdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department f\u00fcr Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7242-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heiner","family":"Igel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department f\u00fcr Geo- und Umweltwissenschaften, Ludwig-Maximilians Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, 80333 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7351-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Donner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Stammler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources, Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3041-0559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascal","family":"Edme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6408-6681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Sollberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1380-8714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Schmelzbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3292-385X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Robertsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-224X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick","family":"Paitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth 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