{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:36:20Z","timestamp":1777890980635,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["International Research Network Program (IRN61W0006)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International Research Network Program (IRN61W0006)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008966","name":"Thailand Toray Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["International Research Network Program (IRN61W0006)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["International Research Network Program (IRN61W0006)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008966","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper investigates system performance in the Internet of Things (IoT) with an energy harvesting (EH) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-enabled relay under Nakagami-m fading, where the time switching (TS) and adaptive power splitting (APS) protocols are applied for the UAV. Our proposed system model consists of a base station (BS), two IoT device (ID) clusters (i.e., a far cluster and a near cluster), and a multiantenna UAV-enabled relay (UR). We adopt a UR-aided TS and APS (U-TSAPS) protocol, in which the UR can dynamically optimize the respective power splitting ratio (PSR) according to the channel conditions. To improve the throughput, the nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technique is applied in the transmission of both hops (i.e., from the BS to the UR and from the UR to the ID clusters). The U-TSAPS protocol is divided into two phases. In the first phase, the BS transmits a signal to the UR. The UR then splits the received signal into two streams for information processing and EH using the APS scheme. In the second phase, the selected antenna of the UR forwards the received signal to the best far ID (BFID) in the far cluster and the best near ID (BNID) in the near cluster using the decode-and-forward (DF) or amplify-and-forward (AF) NOMA scheme. We derive closed-form expressions for the outage probabilities (OPs) at the BFID and BNID with the APS ratio under imperfect channel state information (ICSI) to evaluate the system performance. Based on these derivations, the throughputs of the considered system are also evaluated. Moreover, we propose an algorithm for determining the nearly optimal EH time for the system to minimize the OP. In addition, Monte Carlo simulation results are presented to confirm the accuracy of our analysis based on simulations of the system performance under various system parameters, such as the EH time, the height and position of the UR, the number of UR antennas, and the number of IDs in each cluster.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T08:35:19Z","timestamp":1609749319000},"page":"285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["System Performance Analysis for an Energy Harvesting IoT System Using a DF\/AF UAV-Enabled Relay with Downlink NOMA under Nakagami-m Fading"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Anh-Nhat","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Network Technology (ANT) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Van Nhan","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Information Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"},{"name":"Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1026-191X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chakchai","family":"So-In","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Network Technology (ANT) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dac-Binh","family":"Ha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electrical-Electronic Engineering, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1109\/WCM.2017.1700054","article-title":"Data Delivery in Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks: Challenging and Defying in the IoT Era","volume":"24","author":"Radwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2469676","article-title":"An Energy-Efficient Architecture for the Internet of Things (IoT)","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2233","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2014.2300753","article-title":"Internet of Things in Industries: A Survey","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48247","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2867500","article-title":"Secrecy Performance Analysis for Fixed-Gain Energy Harvesting in an Internet of Things with Untrusted Relays","volume":"6","author":"Vo","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149341","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2946600","article-title":"On Security and Throughput for Energy Harvesting Untrusted Relays in IoT Systems Using NOMA","volume":"7","author":"Vo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boursianis, A.D., Papadopoulou, M.S., Diamantoulakis, P., Liopa-Tsakalidi, A., Barouchas, P., Salahas, G., Karagiannidis, G., Wan, S., and Goudos, S.K. (2020). Internet of Things (IoT) and Agricultural Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in smart farming: A comprehensive review. Internet Things, 100187\u2013100203.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iot.2020.100187"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcu, A., Suciu, G., Olteanu, E., Miu, D., Drosu, A., and Marcu, I. (2019, January 1\u20133). IoT System for Forest Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2019 42nd International Conference on Telecommunications and Signal Processing (TSP), Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2019.8768835"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2016.7470933","article-title":"Wireless communications with unmanned aerial vehicles: Opportunities and challenges","volume":"54","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2016.2560343","article-title":"Survey on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Networks for Civil Applications: A Communications Viewpoint","volume":"18","author":"Hayat","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2895088","article-title":"UAV-Relaying-Assisted Secure Transmission with Caching","volume":"67","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3417","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2019.2906228","article-title":"Survey on UAV Cellular Communications: Practical Aspects, Standardization Advancements, Regulation, and Security Challenges","volume":"21","author":"Fotouhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, S., Zhang, H., Bian, K., and Song, L. (2018, January 20\u201324). UAV Relaying: Power Allocation and Trajectory Optimization Using Decode-and-Forward Protocol. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications Workshops (ICC Workshops), Kansas City, MO, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCW.2018.8403625"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117503","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3004843","article-title":"Energy-Efficiency for IoT System with Cache-Enabled Fixed-Wing UAV Relay","volume":"8","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2015.2495297","article-title":"Survey of Important Issues in UAV Communication Networks","volume":"18","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surveys Tuts."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2014.2368999","article-title":"Wireless Networks with RF Energy Harvesting: A Contemporary Survey","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2017.2783901","article-title":"Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT): Recent Advances and Future Challenges","volume":"20","author":"Jayakody","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tuts."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, M., Li, C., Huang, Y., and Yang, L. (2017, January 11\u201313). Throughput maximization for UAV-enabled wireless power transfer in relaying system. Proceedings of the 2017 9th International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP), Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCSP.2017.8170970"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38738","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2906088","article-title":"Performance Analysis of UAV Relay Assisted IoT Communication Network Enhanced with Energy Harvesting","volume":"7","author":"Ji","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56142","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2872935","article-title":"Performance Analysis of DF\/AF Cooperative MISO Wireless Sensor Networks with NOMA and SWIPT Over Nakagami-m Fading","volume":"6","author":"Tran","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-018-1188-7","article-title":"Outage Performance Analysis of Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Networks for NOMA Transmissions","volume":"225","author":"Vo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125494","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2939385","article-title":"Optimal System Performance in Multihop Energy Harvesting WSNs Using Cooperative NOMA and Friendly Jammers","volume":"7","author":"Vo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2018.1800196","article-title":"UAV Communications Based on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6897","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2019.2929806","article-title":"Exploiting NOMA for UAV Communications in Large-Scale Cellular Networks","volume":"67","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22716","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2826650","article-title":"Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Assisted Communication","volume":"6","author":"Sohail","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2017.2777672","article-title":"Joint User Scheduling and Power Allocation Optimization for Energy-Efficient NOMA Systems with Imperfect CSI","volume":"35","author":"Fang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Zhang, J., Long, K., Nallanathan, A., and Leung, V.C.M. (2020, January 7\u201311). Resource Allocation for Energy Efficient NOMA UAV Network under Imperfect CSI. Proceedings of the ICC 2020\u20142020 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC) 2020, Dublin, Ireland.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC40277.2020.9148694"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Abuelenin, S. (2018). On the similarity between Nakagami-m Fading distribution and the Gaussian ensembles of random matrix theory. arXiv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2014.12.522","article-title":"Improving Electric Powered UAV\u2019s Endurance by Incorporating Battery Dumping Concept","volume":"99","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4983","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2016.2611512","article-title":"Throughput Maximization for UAV-Enabled Mobile Relaying Systems","volume":"64","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2763135","article-title":"Joint Trajectory and Power Optimization for UAV Relay Networks","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2017.2776215","article-title":"Optimum Placement of UAV as Relays","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2876869","article-title":"Outage Performance of UAV-Assisted Relaying Systems with RF Energy Harvesting","volume":"22","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yin, S., Zhao, Y., and Li, L. (2018, January 19\u201321). UAV-assisted Cooperative Communications with Power-splitting SWIPT. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Communication Systems (ICCS), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCS.2018.8689232"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27874","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2971692","article-title":"Design and Analysis of UAV-Assisted Relaying with Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25237","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2970206","article-title":"UAV-Enabled Reliable Mobile Relaying Based on Downlink NOMA","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaidi, S.K., Hasan, S.F., Gui, X., Siddique, N., and Ahmad, S. (2019, January 1\u20133). Exploiting UAV as NOMA based Relay for Coverage Extension. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIS.2019.8769542"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13329","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2964730","article-title":"A Unified Framework for HS-UAV NOMA Networks: Performance Analysis and Location Optimization","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.2010.2050440","article-title":"Design and Implementation of Embedded Printed Antenna Arrays in Small UAV Wing Structures","volume":"58","author":"Sharawi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Izydorczyk, T., Bucur, M., Tavares, F.M.L., Berardinelli, G., and Mogensen, P. (2018, January 9\u201313). Experimental Evaluation of Multi-Antenna Receivers for UAV Communication in Live LTE Networks. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), Abu Dhabi, UAE.","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOMW.2018.8644068"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1109\/CC.2018.8387985","article-title":"Energy efficient multi-antenna UAV-enabled mobile relay","volume":"15","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"China Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2011.5937283","article-title":"Wireless Relay Communications with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Performance and Optimization","volume":"47","author":"Zhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2019.2955444","article-title":"Effect of User Mobility and Channel Fading on the Outage Performance of UAV Communications","volume":"9","author":"Khuwaja","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186993","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030221","article-title":"UAV Relaying Enabled NOMA Network with Hybrid Duplexing and Multiple Antennas","volume":"8","author":"Do","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOMM.2018.2885999","article-title":"Robust Resource Allocation with Imperfect Channel Estimation in NOMA-Based Heterogeneous Vehicular Networks","volume":"67","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, X., Yue, X., and Liu, F. (2020). Performance Analysis of Cooperative NOMA Networks with Imperfect CSI over Nakagami-m Fading Channels. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20020424"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2631482","article-title":"Performance Analysis for Downlink Relaying Aided Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Networks with Imperfect CSI Over Nakagami-m Fading","volume":"5","author":"Men","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, V., and Ochiai, H. (2017, January 4\u20137). An Efficient Time Switching Protocol with Adaptive Power Splitting for Wireless Energy Harvesting Relay Networks. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2017.8108268"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139212","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2941915","article-title":"On Secure Wireless Sensor Networks with Cooperative Energy Harvesting Relaying","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4862","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2017.2714130","article-title":"Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting and Data Rate Optimization in Wireless Information and Power Transfer Sensor Networks","volume":"17","author":"Kwan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4955","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2020.2967779","article-title":"On Communication Performance in Energy Harvesting WSNs Under a Cooperative Jamming Attack","volume":"14","author":"Vo","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, Y., Kishiyama, Y., Benjebbour, A., Nakamura, T., Li, A., and Higuchi, K. (2013, January 2\u20135). Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) for Cellular Future Radio Access. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 77th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), Dresden, Germany.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2013.6692652"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1109\/LWC.2020.2965096","article-title":"Power Consumption Minimization of UAV Relay in NOMA Networks","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10834","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2939186","article-title":"Energy-Efficient Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access for UAV Communication System","volume":"68","author":"Sohail","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2018.11.005","article-title":"Outdated relay selection for UAV-enabled networks with cooperative NOMA","volume":"32","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoang, T.M., Van, N.L., Nguyen, B.C., and Dung, L.T. (2019). On the Performance of Energy Harvesting Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Relaying System with Imperfect Channel State Information over Rayleigh Fading Channels. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19153327"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2687","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2016.0630","article-title":"Performance analysis for NOMA energy harvesting relaying networks with transmit antenna selection and maximal-ratio combining over Nakagami-m fading","volume":"10","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"IET Commun."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2017.2697380","article-title":"The Impact of Power Allocation on Cooperative Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Networks with SWIPT","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2018.2808960","article-title":"Capacity Maximizing Adaptive Power Splitting Protocol for Cooperative Energy Harvesting Communication Systems","volume":"22","author":"Ashraf","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.010213.130484","article-title":"Power Allocation Strategies in Energy Harvesting Wireless Cooperative Networks","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2014.2369748","article-title":"Joint Power Splitting and Antenna Selection in Energy Harvesting Relay Channels","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Process. Lett."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.N., Tran, M., Nguyen, T.L., Ha, D.H., and Voznak, M. (2019). Performance Analysis of a User Selection Protocol in Cooperative Networks with Power Splitting Protocol-Based Energy Harvesting Over Nakagami-m\/Rayleigh Channels. Electronics, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8040448"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2016.2631606","article-title":"A BNBF User Selection Scheme for NOMA-Based Cooperative Relaying Systems with SWIPT","volume":"21","author":"Do","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/MCOM.2004.1341263","article-title":"Antenna selection in MIMO systems","volume":"42","author":"Sanayei","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ett.2892","article-title":"Energy efficiency maximization for 5G multi-antenna receivers","volume":"26","author":"Bai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Emerg. Telecommun. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeue.2019.152957","article-title":"Outage probability of NOMA system with wireless power transfer at source and full-duplex relay","volume":"116","author":"Nguyen","year":"2020","journal-title":"AEU Int. J. Electron. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-017-0922-x","article-title":"Outage Performance of Energy Harvesting DF Relaying NOMA Networks","volume":"23","author":"Ha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Judd, K.L. (2021, January 04). Quadrature Methods Presented at University of Chicago\u2019s Initiative for Computational Economics. Available online: https:\/\/ice.uchicago.edu\/2012_presentations\/Faculty\/Judd\/ICE12Intro.pdf."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3622","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.062413.122042","article-title":"Relaying Protocols for Wireless Energy Harvesting and Information Processing","volume":"12","author":"Nasir","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s11036-019-01217-7","article-title":"Secrecy Performance in the Internet of Things: Optimal Energy Harvesting Time Under Constraints of Sensors and Eavesdroppers","volume":"25","author":"Vo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mob. Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2018.2812889","article-title":"Sensitive and Nonlinear Far-Field RF Energy Harvesting in Wireless Communications","volume":"17","author":"Alevizos","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159415","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2950601","article-title":"Noncoherent Detection for Ambient Backscatter Communications Over OFDM Signals","volume":"7","author":"Darsena","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10295","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2019.2933253","article-title":"BER Performance of Uplink NOMA with Joint Maximum-Likelihood Detector","volume":"68","author":"Yeom","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3642893","article-title":"Performance Improvement on Nonorthogonal Multiple Access without CSIT","volume":"2020","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, A., Lv, T., and Zhang, X. (2019, January 15\u201318). Outage Performance of NOMA-based UAV-Assisted Communication with Imperfect SIC. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Marrakesh, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2019.8885725"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97540","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2997285","article-title":"Improved User Fairness in Decode-Forward Relaying Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes with Imperfect SIC and CSI","volume":"8","author":"Kara","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/285\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:06:43Z","timestamp":1760159203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/1\/285"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21010285"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21010285","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]}}}