{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:42:30Z","timestamp":1760233350176,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molecularly imprinted polymers have emerged as cost-effective and rugged artificial selective sorbents for combination with different sensors. In this study, quaternary ammonium cations, as functional monomers, were systematically evaluated to design imprinted polymers for glyphosate as an important model compound for electrically charged and highly water-soluble chemical compounds. To this aim, a small pool of monomers were used including (3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride, [2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride, and diallyldimethylammonium chloride. The simultaneous interactions between three positively charged monomers and glyphosate were preliminary evaluated using statistical design of the experiment method. Afterwards, different polymers were synthesized at the gold surface of the quartz crystal microbalance sensor using optimized and not optimized glyphosate-monomers ratios. All synthesized polymers were characterized using atomic force microscopy, contact angle, Fourier-transform infrared, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Evaluated functional monomers showed promise as highly efficient functional monomers, when they are used together and at the optimized ratio, as predicted by the statistical method. Obtained results from the modified sensors were used to develop a simple model describing the binding characteristics at the surface of the different synthesized polymers. This model helps to develop new synthesis strategies for rational design of the highly selective imprinted polymers and to use as a sensing platform for water soluble and polar targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21010296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]],"date-time":"2021-01-04T21:58:36Z","timestamp":1609797516000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Rational Design of Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Using Quaternary Ammonium Cations for Glyphosate Detection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-8067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mashaalah","family":"Zarejousheghani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany"},{"name":"UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Jaafar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hendrik","family":"Wollmerstaedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Energy Process Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Chair of Reaction Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8858-5407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvaneh","family":"Rahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7959-7046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helko","family":"Borsdorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Monitoring and Exploration Technologies, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1725-6657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electrical Engineering and Measurement Technology, Department of Sensors and Measurement Technology, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0697-9646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Joseph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Sensor Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Materials Technology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, 09599 Freiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-018-1000-3","article-title":"More and enhanced glyphosate analysis is needed","volume":"410","author":"Huhn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. 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