{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T22:13:27Z","timestamp":1772489607783,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Weft knitted conductive fabrics can act as excellent textile strain sensors for human motion capture. The loop architecture dictates the overall electrical properties of weft knit strain sensors. Therefore, research into loop architecture is relevant for comprehensively investigating the design space of e-textile sensors. There are three main types of knit stitches, Knitted loop stitch, Miss stitch, and Tuck stitch. Nevertheless, most of the research into weft knit strain sensors has largely focused on fabrics with only knitted loop stitches. Miss and tuck stitches will affect the contact points in the sensor and, consequently, its piezoresistivity. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of incorporating miss and tuck stitches on the piezoresistivity of a weft knit sensor. Particularly, the electromechanical models of a miss stitch and a tuck stitch in a weft knit sensor are proposed. These models were used in order to develop loop configurations of sensors that consist of various percentages of miss or tuck stitches. Subsequently, the developed loop configurations were simulated while using LTspice and MATLAB software; and, verified experimentally through a tensile test. The experimental results closely agree with the simulated results. Furthermore, the results reveal that increases in the percentage of tuck or miss stitches in weft knit sensor decrease the initial and average resistance of the sensor. In addition, it was observed that, although the piezoresistivity of a sensor with tuck or miss stitches is best characterised as a quadratic polynomial, increases in the percentage of tuck stitches in the sensor increase the linearity of the sensor\u2019s piezoresistivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T23:03:42Z","timestamp":1610319822000},"page":"358","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["The Effect of Miss and Tuck Stitches on a Weft Knit Strain Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4952-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Ayodele","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-3727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syed Ali Raza","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5229-0471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jane","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Architecture, Planning &amp; Landscape, Newcastle University, Tyne NE1 7RU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0204-3867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3735-1627","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryam","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5163-1975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Des","family":"McLernon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, C., Guo, J., Sun, R., Hinitt, A., Helps, T., Taghavi, M., and Rossiter, J. (2019). Electroactive textile actuators for breathability control and thermal regulation devices. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11071199"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almohammed, B., Ismail, A., and Sali, A. (2020). Electro-textile wearable antennas in wireless body area networks: Materials, antenna design, manufacturing techniques, and human body consideration\u2014A review. Text. Res. J.","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517520932230"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferri, J., Llinares Llopis, R., Martinez, G., Lidon Roger, J.V., and Garcia-Breijo, E. (2020). Comparison of E-Textile Techniques and Materials for 3D Gesture Sensor with Boosted Electrode Design. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20082369"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2339739","article-title":"Weft-knitted strain sensor for monitoring respiratory rate and its electro-mechanical modeling","volume":"15","author":"Atalay","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2016.2518871","article-title":"On the use of knitted antennas and inductively coupled RFID tags for wearable applications","volume":"10","author":"Patron","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isaia, C., McMaster, S.A., and McNally, D. (2020, January 20\u201324). Study of Performance of Knitted Conductive Sleeves as Wearable Textile Strain Sensors for Joint Motion Tracking. Proceedings of the 2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC44109.2020.9176429"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1558925020930354","article-title":"A knitted wearable flexible sensor for monitoring breathing condition","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Eng. Fibers Fabr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115042","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-665X\/ab4afe","article-title":"Flexible knitted sensing device for identifying knee joint motion patterns","volume":"28","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Smart Mater. Struct."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517505056870","article-title":"Electro-mechanical properties of knitted fabric made from conductive multi-filament yarn under unidirectional extension","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay2840","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay2840","article-title":"Machine-knitted washable sensor array textile for precise epidermal physiological signal monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/3dp.2018.0122","article-title":"SensorKnit: Architecting textile sensors with machine knitting","volume":"6","author":"Ou","year":"2019","journal-title":"3D Print. Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11114","DOI":"10.3390\/s130811114","article-title":"Textile-based weft knitted strain sensors: Effect of fabric parameters on sensor properties","volume":"13","author":"Atalay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4712","DOI":"10.3390\/s140304712","article-title":"Knitted strain sensors: Impact of design parameters on sensing properties","volume":"14","author":"Atalay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Holm, R. (2013). Electric Contacts: Theory and Application, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083715619948","article-title":"Comparative study of the weft-knitted strain sensors","volume":"46","author":"Atalay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Ind. Text."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spencer, D.J. (2001). Knitting Technology: A Comprehensive Handbook and Practical Guide, Woodward Publishing.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833087"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"McMaster, S.A. (2018). Method for Making Electrically Conductive Textiles and Textile Sensor. (10,119,208), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517518758003","article-title":"The impact of different proportions of knitting elements on the resistive properties of conductive fabrics","volume":"89","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517514555798","article-title":"The impact of float stitches on the resistance of conductive knitted structures","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1080\/00405006708629880","article-title":"Analysis of the Dry-Relaxed Knitted-Loop Configuration: Part I: Two-Dimensional Analysis","volume":"58","author":"Postle","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517507087672","article-title":"Basic studies for modeling complex weft knitted fabric structures part V: Geometrical modeling of tuck stitches","volume":"78","author":"Kurbak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T448","DOI":"10.1080\/19447025908659923","article-title":"The geometry and dimensional properties of plain-knit fabrics","volume":"50","author":"Munden","year":"1959","journal-title":"J. Text. Inst. Trans."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Zhang, H., and Tao, X. (2012, January 5\u20137). From wearable to aware: Intrinsically conductive electrotextiles for human strain\/stress sensing. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1177\/0040517509349789","article-title":"A resistive network model for conductive knitting stitches","volume":"80","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Text. Res. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/358\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:08:00Z","timestamp":1760159280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21020358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21020358","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]}}}