{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,10]],"date-time":"2026-01-10T01:15:27Z","timestamp":1768007727588,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BioNano Health-Guard Research Center funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT &amp;Future Planning (MISP) of Korea as Global Frontier Project","award":["H-GUARD_2013M3A6B2078"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H-GUARD_2013M3A6B2078"]}]},{"name":"Disaster-Safety Industry Promotion Pro-gram funded by Ministry of Interior and Safety (MOIS, Korea)","award":["2019-MOIS32-028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-MOIS32-028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We developed an integrated PCR system that performs automated sample preparation and fast polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for application in point-of care (POC) testing. This system is assembled from inexpensive 3D-printing parts, off-the-shelf electronics and motors. Molecular detection requires a series of procedures including sample preparation, amplification, and fluorescence intensity analysis. The system can perform automated DNA sample preparation (extraction, separation and purification) in \u22645 min. The variance of the automated sample preparation was clearly lower than that achieved using manual DNA extraction. Fast thermal ramp cycles were generated by a customized thermocycler designed to automatically transport samples between heating and cooling blocks. Despite the large sample volume (50 \u03bcL), rapid two-step PCR amplification completed 40 cycles in \u226413.8 min. Variations in fluorescence intensity were measured by analyzing fluorescence images. As proof of concept of this system, we demonstrated the rapid DNA detection of pathogenic bacteria. We also compared the sensitivity of this system with that of a commercial device during the automated extraction and fast PCR of Salmonella bacteria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T23:03:42Z","timestamp":1610319822000},"page":"377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Integrated, Automated, Fast PCR System for Point-Of-Care Molecular Diagnosis of Bacterial Infection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1156-5168","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dongkyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deawook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jounghyuk","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jongsu","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2484-2133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyu Man","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9830-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ohwon","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Daegu Research Center for Medical Devices, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Daegu 42994, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaejong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nano-Mechanical Systems, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1586\/erd.10.22","article-title":"Recent advances in the development of nucleic acid diagnostics","volume":"7","author":"Glynn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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