{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:42:31Z","timestamp":1760233351771,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]],"date-time":"2021-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1831132"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1831132"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovation Group of Natural Fund of Hubei Province","award":["2018CFA087"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018CFA087"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A navigation camera or topography camera is a standard payload for deep space missions and the image data are normally used for auto-navigation. In this work, we study the potential contribution of image data in precise orbit determination for deep space spacecraft. The Mars Express (MEX) spacecraft has generated extensive Phobos image data during flybys of Phobos, but these data have not been used in precise orbit determination because of the difficulty in employing these image data. Therefore, we did an experiment using simulated image data as the first step for exploring how to use real image data in precise orbit determination of spacecraft. Our results demonstrate that image data can provide stronger constraints on orbit in the tangential and normal directions than Doppler data. When the image data were used in the MEX orbit determination during the MEX Phobos flyby, the orbit determination accuracies in the tangential and normal directions were significantly improved. This work will provide a reference for real image data processing during MEX Phobos flyby to improve MEX orbit accuracy as well as Phobos ephemeris accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T23:03:42Z","timestamp":1610319822000},"page":"385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precise Orbit Determination of MEX Flyby Phobos Using Simulated Radiometric and Image Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xinbo","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The college of astronautics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China"},{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineer, Shanghai 201100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4570-6368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Institute of Satellite Engineer, Shanghai 201100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wutong","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2013.12.008","article-title":"Spacecraft exploration of Phobos and Deimos","volume":"102","author":"Duxbury","year":"2014","journal-title":"Planet. 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