{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T03:51:19Z","timestamp":1772164279606,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["61703431"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61703431"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In recent years, transfer learning has been widely applied in fault diagnosis for solving the problem of inconsistent distribution of the original training dataset and the online-collecting testing dataset. In particular, the domain adaptation method can solve the problem of the unlabeled testing dataset in transfer learning. Moreover, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is the most widely used network among existing domain adaptation approaches due to its powerful feature extraction capability. However, network designing is too empirical, and there is no network designing principle from the frequency domain. In this paper, we propose a unified convolutional neural network architecture from a frequency domain perspective for a domain adaptation named Frequency-domain Fusing Convolutional Neural Network (FFCNN). The method of FFCNN contains two parts, frequency-domain fusing layer and feature extractor. The frequency-domain fusing layer uses convolution operations to filter signals at different frequency bands and combines them into new input signals. These signals are input to the feature extractor to extract features and make domain adaptation. We apply FFCNN for three domain adaptation methods, and the diagnosis accuracy is improved compared to the typical CNN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]],"date-time":"2021-01-10T23:03:42Z","timestamp":1610319822000},"page":"450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Frequency-Domain Fusing Convolutional Neural Network: A Unified Architecture Improving Effect of Domain Adaptation for Fault Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4279-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xudong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center.CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Jianhua","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center.CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Mingtao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center.CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Wenzhen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Space Science Center.CAS, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Complex Aviation System Simulation Laboratory, Beijing 100076, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.09.015","article-title":"A review on empirical mode decomposition in fault diagnosis of rotating machinery","volume":"35","author":"Lei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. 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