{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:43:00Z","timestamp":1760233380974,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Electromagnetic coils are one of the key components of many systems. Their insulation failure can have severe effects on the systems in which coils are used. This paper focuses on insulation degradation monitoring and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of electromagnetic coils. First, insulation degradation characteristics are extracted from coil high-frequency electrical parameters. Second, health indicator is defined based on insulation degradation characteristics to indicate the health degree of coil insulation. Finally, an insulation degradation model is constructed, and coil insulation RUL prediction is performed by particle filtering. Thermal accelerated degradation experiments are performed to validate the RUL prediction performance. The proposed method presents opportunities for predictive maintenance of systems that incorporate coils.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020473","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Particle Filtering Based Remaining Useful Life Prediction for Electromagnetic Coil Insulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6134-7281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haifeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Liaoning Institute of Science and Technology, Benxi 117004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aidong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Networked Control Systems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China"},{"name":"Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110169, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8866-8272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung Ho","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mengmeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-5493(90)90042-V","article-title":"Nonintrusive methods for monitoring the operational readiness of solenoid-operated valves","volume":"118","author":"Kryter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nucl. Eng. Des."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2010.5595545","article-title":"On-line capacitance and dissipation factor monitoring of AC stator insulation","volume":"17","author":"Younsi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2016.06.007","article-title":"Early detection of insulation failures on electric generators through online frequency response analysis","volume":"140","author":"Salomon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"60","article-title":"Analysis of Interturn Short Circuit Fault in 35kV Transformer","volume":"50","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transformer"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"481","article-title":"Data-driven prognostics and health management: A review of recent advances","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1109\/MEI.2004.1307097","article-title":"Electrical insulation for rotating machines-design, evaluation, aging, testing, and repair\u2014book review","volume":"20","author":"Stone","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Electr. Insul. Mag."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"30","article-title":"Influence of Single Phase Winding Inter Turn Short Circuit on Loss and Temperature Distribution of Permanent Magnet Machine","volume":"43","author":"Kong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Small Spec. Electr. Mach."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2006.885131","article-title":"Online diagnosis of induction motors using MCSA","volume":"53","author":"Jung","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3472","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2012.2222857","article-title":"Inter-turn fault detection in PM synchronous machines by physics-based back electromotive force estimation","volume":"60","author":"Sarikhani","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4039","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2016.2582821","article-title":"Online stator turn fault detection for inverter-fed electric machines using neutral point voltages difference","volume":"52","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4447","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2018.2834305","article-title":"Fault detection and tolerant capability of parallel-connected permanent magnet machines under stator turn fault","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRD.2017.2688419","article-title":"A new leakage flux-based technique for turn-to-turn fault protection and faulty region identification in transformers","volume":"33","author":"Haghjoo","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Deliv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2007.4339494","article-title":"A New Method for AC machine turn insulation diagnostic based on high frequency resonances","volume":"14","author":"Perisse","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2009.5293965","article-title":"Robust diagnostics of stator insulation based on high frequency resonances measurements","volume":"16","author":"Perisse","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1109\/TDEI.2013.6451339","article-title":"Turn-to-turn capacitance variations correlated to PDIV for AC motors monitoring","volume":"20","author":"Savin","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neti, P., and Grubic, S. (2014, January 14\u201318). Online broadband insulation spectroscopy of induction machines using signal injection. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Pittsburgh, PA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ECCE.2014.6953454"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Jameson, N.J., Wang, K., Azarian, M.H., Morillo, C., and Pecht, M. (2016, January 24\u201326). Impedance-based health monitoring of solenoid valve electromagnetic coil insulation under thermal deterioration. Proceedings of the Joint Conference on Machinery Failure Prevention Technology Conference: MFPT 2016 and ISA\u2019s 62nd International Instrumentation Symposium, Dayton, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3748","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2652359","article-title":"Impedance-based condition monitoring for insulation systems used in low-voltage electromagnetic coils","volume":"64","author":"Jameson","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"469","article-title":"Degradation monitoring method of electromagnetic coil insulation for smart manufacturing","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Control."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69860","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2880266","article-title":"Creating self-aware low-voltage electromagnetic coils for incipient insulation degradation monitoring for smart manufacturing","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1109\/63.602562","article-title":"Self-capacitance of inductors","volume":"12","author":"Massarini","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"8","article-title":"Research on method used for extracting multilayer coil\u2019s stray capacitance of electromagnetic relay","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Low Volt. Appar."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microrel.2012.12.003","article-title":"An ensemble model for predicting the remaining useful performance of lithium-ion batteries","volume":"53","author":"Xing","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microelectron. Reliab."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/473\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:09:49Z","timestamp":1760159389000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/473"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21020473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21020473","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]}}}