{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T16:20:27Z","timestamp":1783614027921,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Andalusian Government, Spain","award":["\"Industrialization of a Road Signaling Autonomous System for Smart Pedestrian Crosswalks\" (ref. 5947)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\"Industrialization of a Road Signaling Autonomous System for Smart Pedestrian Crosswalks\" (ref. 5947)"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Economy and Knowledge of the Andalusian Government, Spain","award":["\"Improvement of Road Safety Through an Intelligent Service Platform for Pedestrians, Sensors and Environment\" (ref. UHU-1260596)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\"Improvement of Road Safety Through an Intelligent Service Platform for Pedestrians, Sensors and Environment\" (ref. UHU-1260596)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Improving road safety through artificial intelligence is now crucial to achieving more secure smart cities. With this objective, a mobile app based on the integration of the smartphone sensors and a fuzzy logic strategy to determine the pedestrian\u2019s crossing intention around crosswalks is presented. The app developed also allows the calculation, tracing and guidance of safe routes thanks to an optimization algorithm that includes pedestrian areas on the paths generated over the whole city through a cloud database (i.e., zebra crossings, pedestrian streets and walkways). The experimentation carried out consisted in testing the fuzzy logic strategy with a total of 31 volunteers crossing and walking around a crosswalk. For that, the fuzzy logic approach was subjected to a total of 3120 samples generated by the volunteers. It has been proven that a smartphone can be successfully used as a crossing intention detector system with an accuracy of 98.63%, obtaining a true positive rate of 98.27% and a specificity of 99.39% according to a receiver operating characteristic analysis. Finally, a total of 30 routes were calculated by the proposed algorithm and compared with Google Maps considering the values of time, distance and safety along the routes. As a result, the routes generated by the proposed algorithm were safer than the routes obtained with Google Maps, achieving an increase in the use of safe pedestrian areas of at least 183%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T21:50:54Z","timestamp":1610574654000},"page":"529","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Walking Secure: Safe Routing Planning Algorithm and Pedestrian\u2019s Crossing Intention Detector Based on Fuzzy Logic App"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2542-0517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Manuel","family":"Lozano Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Computer Systems and Automatics, University of Huelva, Av. de las Artes s\/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9387-3892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s de J.","family":"Mateo Sanguino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronic Engineering, Computer Systems and Automatics, University of Huelva, Av. de las Artes s\/n, 21007 Huelva, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cohen, B. (2020, November 26). What Exactly Is a Smart City? Technical Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.fastcompany.com\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano Dom\u00ednguez, J.M., and Mateo Sanguino, T.J. (2020). Review on V2X, I2X and P2X communications and their applications: A comprehensive analysis over time. Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19122756"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/widm.1319","article-title":"Smart City big data analytics: An advanced review","volume":"9","author":"Soomro","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Navarathna, P.J., and Malagi, V.P. (2018, January 13\u201314). Artificial intelligence in smart city analysis. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology, Tirunelveli, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSSIT.2018.8748476"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewicki, W., Stankiewicz, B., and Olejarz-Wahba, A.A. (2019, January 16\u201318). The role of intelligent transport system in the development of the idea of smart city. Proceedings of the 16th Scientific and Technical Conference on Transport Systems Theory and Practice, Katowice, Poland.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35543-2_3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lozano Dom\u00ednguez, J.M., Al-Tam, F., Mateo Sanguino, T.J., and Correia, N. (2020). Analysis of machine learning techniques Applied to sensory detection of vehicles on intelligent crosswalks. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20216019"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Tr\u00e1fico (DGT), Ministerio del Interior de Espa\u00f1a (2020, November 26). Tablas Est\u00e1disticas a\u00f1o 2018, Techinical Report, Available online: http:\/\/www.dgt.es\/es\/seguridad-vial\/estadisticas-e-indicadores\/accidentes-30dias\/tablas-estadisticas\/."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (2020, November 26). Traffic Safety Facts 2017, A compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data (Annual Technical Report), Available online: https:\/\/crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov\/Api\/Public\/ViewPublication\/812806."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) (2020, November 26). Fatality and Injury Reporting System Tool (FIRST) Technical Report, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/sites\/nhtsa.dot.gov\/files\/documents\/p19429226_first_anders_longthorne_tag.pdf."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1109\/TLA.2018.8408431","article-title":"Towards smart mobility in urban areas using vehicular communications and smartphones","volume":"16","author":"Melendi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Lat. Am. Trans."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rambrun, T., Badoreea, D., and Cheerkoo-Jalim, S. (2019, January 19\u201321). DriveMu: A real-time road-traffic monitoring android application for mauritius. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Next Generation Computing Applications (NextComp), Mauritius.","DOI":"10.1109\/NEXTCOMP.2019.8883623"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bel, W., L\u00f3pez de Luise, D., and Ledesma, E. (2017, January 23\u201325). Fuzzy harmonic systems: Ability for traffic risk measurement in android. Proceedings of the IEEE URUCON, Montevideo, Uruguay.","DOI":"10.1109\/URUCON.2017.8171856"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engappai.2018.03.016","article-title":"PRoA: An intelligent multicriteria personalized route asistant","volume":"2018","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eng. Appl. Artif. Intell."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33577","DOI":"10.1007\/s11042-019-08492-2","article-title":"A universal design approach to wayfinding and navigation","volume":"79","author":"Fogli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multimed. Tools Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paiva, S. (2020). A context-aware voice operated mobile guidance system for visually impaired persons. Technological Trends in Improved Mobility of the Visually Impaired, Springer. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16450-8"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Novack, T., Wang, Z., and Zipf, A. (2018). A system for generating customized pleasant pedestrian routes based on open street map data. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18113794"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.2742","article-title":"A crosswalk pedestrian recognition system by using deep learning and zebra-crossing recognition techniques","volume":"50","author":"Dow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Softw. Pract. Exp."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198119838519","article-title":"Study on the framework of intersection pedestrian collision warning system considering pedestrian characteristics","volume":"2673","author":"Ka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Record"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"5370","article-title":"An intelligent prediction system for pedestrian crossing detection","volume":"12","author":"Sumi","year":"2017","journal-title":"ARPN J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varytimidis, D., Alonso-Fernandez, F., Duran, B., and Englund, C. (2018, January 26\u201328). Action and intention recognition of pedestrian in urban traffic. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Signal Image Technology and Internet Based Systems, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/SITIS.2018.00109"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1177\/0361198120912422","article-title":"Prediction of pedestrian crossing intentions at intersections based on long short-term memory recurrent neural network","volume":"2674","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, Z., V\u00e1zquez, D., and L\u00f3pez, A.M. (2017). On-board detection of pedestrian intentions. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102193"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6lz, B., Behrendt, K., Mielenz, H., Gilitschenski, I., Siegwart, R., and Nieto, J. (2016, January 1\u20134). A data-driven approach for pedestrian intention estimation. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation System (ITSC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.","DOI":"10.1109\/ITSC.2016.7795975"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Fu, R., Sun, Q., and Li, Z. (2020). Research on a pedestrian crossing intention recognition model based on natural observation data. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061776"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849527","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1849527","article-title":"Design, modelling and implementation of a fuzzy controller for an intelligent road signalling system","volume":"2018","year":"2018","journal-title":"Complexity"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2020, December 30). The jTDS Project. Available online: http:\/\/jtds.sourceforge.net\/."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"247","article-title":"Applications of fuzzy set theory to control systems: A survey","volume":"10","author":"Mamdani","year":"1977","journal-title":"Autom. Decis. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-34895-2_1","article-title":"Fuzzy Sets and Fuzzy Logic","volume":"Volume 293","author":"Aliev","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fundamentals of the Fuzzy Logic-Based Generalized Theory of Decisions"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A.M. (2004). Embedded fuzzy applications. Fuzzy Logic for Embedded System Applications, Elsevier. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-075067605-2\/50006-5"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0888-613X(98)10013-0","article-title":"A voting mechanism for fuzzy logic","volume":"19","author":"Lawry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Approx. Reason."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Noble, A. (2020, December 30). Node.js BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) Central Module. Available online: https:\/\/www.npmjs.com\/package\/noble."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2020, December 30). Node.js v0.6.19 Manual & Documentation. UDP\/Datagram Sockets. Available online: https:\/\/nodejs-es.github.io\/api\/en\/dgram.html."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An Introduction to ROC analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.3844\/jcssp.2006.735.739","article-title":"Data mining: A preprocessing engine","volume":"2","author":"Shalabi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Comp. Sci."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/529\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:10:42Z","timestamp":1760159442000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21020529"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21020529","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]]}}}