{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T08:14:51Z","timestamp":1772180091514,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["15-9408-0367"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15-9408-0367"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n, Spain","award":["AGL2016-76358-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2016-76358-R"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["777832"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["777832"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"H2020 WIDESPREAD ERA-CHAIR","award":["857418"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857418"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>More effective methods to detect bovine tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium bovis, in wildlife, is of paramount importance for preventing disease spread to other wild animals, livestock, and human beings. In this study, we analyzed the volatile organic compounds emitted by fecal samples collected from free-ranging wild boar captured in Do\u00f1ana National Park, Spain, with an electronic nose system based on organically-functionalized gold nanoparticles. The animals were separated by the age group for performing the analysis. Adult (&gt;24 months) and sub-adult (12\u201324 months) animals were anesthetized before sample collection, whereas the juvenile (&lt;12 months) animals were manually restrained while collecting the sample. Good accuracy was obtained for the adult and sub-adult classification models: 100% during the training phase and 88.9% during the testing phase for the adult animals, and 100% during both the training and testing phase for the sub-adult animals, respectively. The results obtained could be important for the further development of a non-invasive and less expensive detection method of bovine tuberculosis in wildlife populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Non-Invasive Method to Detect Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Wild Boar by Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Obtained from Feces with an Electronic Nose System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kelvin","family":"de Jes\u00fas Bele\u00f1o-S\u00e1enz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechatronics Engineering Department, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Caribe, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia"},{"name":"GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Juan Mart\u00edn","family":"C\u00e1ceres-Tarazona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Pauline","family":"Nol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection, Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"}]},{"given":"Aylen Lisset","family":"Jaimes-Mogoll\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia"}]},{"given":"Oscar Eduardo","family":"Gualdr\u00f3n-Guerrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5241-2950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristhian Manuel","family":"Dur\u00e1n-Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GISM Group, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, University of Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4066-8454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose Angel","family":"Barasona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Joaquin","family":"Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SaBio Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n en Recursos Cineg\u00e9ticos IREC, ETSIA Ciudad Real, University of Castilla La Mancha &amp; CSIC, 13003 Ciudad Real, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4016-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC, 41071 Seville, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2553-946X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tesfalem Geremariam","family":"Welearegay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0296-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lars","family":"\u00d6sterlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, 75103 Uppsala, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Rhyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection, Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6211-0035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radu","family":"Ionescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, 51006 Tartu, Estonia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06544-11","article-title":"Epidemiological significance of the domestic black pig (Sus scrofa) in maintenance of bovine tuberculosis in Sicily","volume":"50","author":"Mazzone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. 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