{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T05:54:43Z","timestamp":1768974883668,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]],"date-time":"2021-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute of Information &amp; Communications Technology Planning &amp; Evaluation (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government","award":["2019-0-00079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-0-00079"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is important to operate devices with control panels and touch screens assisted by haptic feedback in mobile environments such as driving automobiles and electric power wheelchairs. A lot of consideration is needed to give accurate haptic feedback, especially, presenting clear touch feedback to the elderly and people with reduced sensation is a very critical issue from healthcare and safety perspectives. In this study, we aimed to identify the perceptual characteristics for the frequency and direction of haptic vibration on the touch screen with vehicle-driving vibration and to propose an efficient haptic system based on these characteristics. As a result, we demonstrated that the detection threshold shift decreased at frequencies above 210 Hz due to the contact pressure during active touch, but the detection threshold shift increased at below 210 Hz. We found that the detection thresholds were 0.30\u20130.45 gpeak with similar sensitivity in the 80\u2013270 Hz range. The haptic system implemented by reflecting the experimental results achieved characteristics suitable for use scenarios in automobiles. Ultimately, it could provide practical guidelines for the development of touch screens to give accurate touch feedback in the real-world environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020592","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Development of a Human-Display Interface with Vibrotactile Feedback for Real-World Assistive Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2256-1821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiduk","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"R&amp;D Center, LG Display, Seoul 07796, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6940-2700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Hoon","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4837-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Hyun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3227-894X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunghyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innosimulation, Seoul 03925, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9362-598X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeonggoo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R&amp;D Center, LG Display, Seoul 07796, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeha","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Integrated Technology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6249-4996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Whan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rick, J. 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