{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T16:26:37Z","timestamp":1779380797751,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Supercomputing Centre in Technical University of Ostrava","award":["OPEN-19-38"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPEN-19-38"]}]},{"name":"Czech Ministry of Education","award":["SP2020\/65"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP2020\/65"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Underwater wireless sensor networks are currently seeing broad research in various applications for human benefits. Large numbers of sensor nodes are being deployed in rivers and oceans to monitor the underwater environment. In the paper, we propose an energy-efficient clustering multi-hop routing protocol (EECMR) which can balance the energy consumption of these nodes and increase their network lifetime. The network area is divided into layers with regard to the depth level. The data sensed by the nodes are transmitted to a sink via a multi-hop routing path. The cluster head is selected according to the depth of the node and its residual energy. To transmit data from the node to the sink, the cluster head aggregates the data packet of all cluster members and then forwards them to the upper layer of the sink node. The simulation results show that EECMR is effective in terms of network lifetime and the nodes\u2019 energy consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Energy-Efficient Clustering Multi-Hop Routing Protocol in a UWSN"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6345-0920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nhat-Tien","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Sai Gon University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0876-9036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien T. T.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Sai Gon University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4779-8887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huy-Hung","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Electronics and Telecommunications, Sai Gon University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5135-7980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslav","family":"Voznak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Telecommunications, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896832","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/896832","article-title":"Underwater sensor network applications: A comprehensive survey","volume":"11","author":"Felemban","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Distrib. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6470359","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6470359","article-title":"Underwater wireless sensor networks: A review of recent issues and challenges","volume":"2019","author":"Awan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96879","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2928876","article-title":"Underwater wireless sensor networks: A survey on enabling technologies, localization protocols, and internet of underwater things","volume":"7","author":"Jouhari","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16932","DOI":"10.3390\/s140916932","article-title":"Applications of wireless sensor networks in marine environment monitoring: A survey","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., and Balakrishnan, H. (2000, January 4\u20137). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11176","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2713640","article-title":"Review on clustering, coverage and connectivity in underwater wireless sensor networks: A communication techniques perspective","volume":"5","author":"Sandeep","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, H., Shi, Z.J., and Cui, J.H. (2008, January 12\u201317). DBR: Depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks. Proceedings of the International Conference on Research in Networking, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-79549-0_7"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, A., Ali, I., Ghani, A., Khan, N., Alsaqer, M., Rahman, A.U., and Mahmood, H. (2018). Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks: Taxonomy, research challenges, routing strategies and future directions. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18051619"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5835730","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5835730","article-title":"An energy efficient routing protocol based on layers and unequal clusters in underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"2018","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Wang, Y., Ju, Y., and He, R. (2014, January 14\u201316). Energy efficient cluster formulation protocols in clustered underwater acoustic sensor networks. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 7th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Dalian, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEI.2014.7002904"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durrani, M.Y., Tariq, R., Aadil, F., Maqsood, M., Nam, Y., and Muhammad, K. (2019). Adaptive node clustering technique for smart ocean under water sensor network (SOSNET). Sensors, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/s19051145"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77398","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2922060","article-title":"A Multi-Layer Cluster Based Energy Efficient Routing Scheme for UWSNs","volume":"7","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, Z., Pan, X., Chen, P., Su, X., Wang, N., and Lu, W. (2018). A topology control with energy balance in underwater wireless sensor networks for IoT-based application. Sensors, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/s18072306"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89171","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2993544","article-title":"An Energy Optimization Clustering Scheme for Multi-Hop Underwater Acoustic Cooperative Sensor Networks","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39685","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2018.2854276","article-title":"Energy-balanced unequal layering clustering in underwater acoustic sensor networks","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191231","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3032019","article-title":"Node Energy Consumption Balanced Multi-Hop Transmission for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks Based on Clustering Algorithm","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1109\/TGCN.2019.2922278","article-title":"AUV-Aided Energy-Efficient Clustering in the Internet of Underwater Things","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Green Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Ibrahim, D.M., Eltobely, T.E., Fahmy, M.M., and Sallam, E.A. (2014, January 17\u201322). Enhancing the vector-based forwarding routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks: A clustering approach. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Communications, Seville, Spain."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3391","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2010.091510.090452","article-title":"E-PULRP: Energy optimized path unaware layered routing protocol for underwater sensor networks","volume":"9","author":"Gopi","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khasawneh, A., Latiff, M.S.B.A., Kaiwartya, O., and Chizari, H. (2017). Next forwarding node selection in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs): Techniques and challenges. Information, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/info8010003"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2008.09.001","article-title":"Overview of channel models for underwater wireless communication networks","volume":"1","author":"Domingo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Phys. Commun."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/627\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:20Z","timestamp":1760159540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/627"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21020627"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21020627","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]}}}