{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T07:00:53Z","timestamp":1776236453874,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]],"date-time":"2021-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) excites neurons in the cortex, and neural activity can be simultaneously recorded using electroencephalography (EEG). However, TMS-evoked EEG potentials (TEPs) do not only reflect transcranial neural stimulation as they can be contaminated by artifacts. Over the last two decades, significant developments in EEG amplifiers, TMS-compatible technology, customized hardware and open source software have enabled researchers to develop approaches which can substantially reduce TMS-induced artifacts. In TMS-EEG experiments, various physiological and external occurrences have been identified and attempts have been made to minimize or remove them using online techniques. Despite these advances, technological issues and methodological constraints prevent straightforward recordings of early TEPs components. To the best of our knowledge, there is no review on both TMS-EEG artifacts and EEG technologies in the literature to-date. Our survey aims to provide an overview of research studies in this field over the last 40 years. We review TMS-EEG artifacts, their sources and their waveforms and present the state-of-the-art in EEG technologies and front-end characteristics. We also propose a synchronization toolbox for TMS-EEG laboratories. We then review subject preparation frameworks and online artifacts reduction maneuvers for improving data acquisition and conclude by outlining open challenges and future research directions in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020637","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"637","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Real-Time Artifacts Reduction during TMS-EEG Co-Registration: A Comprehensive Review on Technologies and Procedures"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Varone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Greacia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0559-8289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zain","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK"},{"name":"Howard Brain Sciences Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}]},{"given":"Zakariya","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Howard Brain Sciences Foundation, Providence, RI 02906, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2133-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadii","family":"Boulila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RIADI Laboratory, National School of Computer Sciences, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia"},{"name":"IS Department, College of Computer Science and Engineering, Taibah University, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2037-8348","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mufti","family":"Mahmud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Medical Technology Innovation Facility, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-3973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Newton","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0734-9136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Carlo","family":"Morabito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DICEAM Department, \u201cMediterranea\u201d University, I-89122 Reggio Calabria, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8080-082X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Hussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2007.06.026","article-title":"Transcranial magnetic stimulation: A primer","volume":"55","author":"Hallett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3537","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199711100-00024","article-title":"Neuronal responses to magnetic stimulation reveal cortical reactivity and connectivity","volume":"8","author":"Ilmoniemi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/35077500","article-title":"Primate anterior cingulate cortex: Where motor control, drive and cognition interface","volume":"2","author":"Paus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. 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