{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T07:01:21Z","timestamp":1778396481724,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]],"date-time":"2021-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Nature Science Foundation of China","award":["51278062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51278062"]}]},{"name":"the Basic Research Project of Natural Science of Shaanxi Province","award":["2020JM-225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020JM-225"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CHD.","award":["300102220106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["300102220106"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi","award":["2020ZDLGY16-08"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDLGY16-08"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper addresses the problem of evaluating vehicle failure modes efficiently during the driving process. Generally, the most critical factors for preventing risk in potential failure modes are identified by the experience of experts through the widely used failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA). However, it has previously been difficult to evaluate the vehicle failure mode with crisp values. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid scheme based on a cost-based FMEA, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP), and extended fuzzy multi-objective optimization by ratio analysis plus full multiplicative form (EFMULTIMOORA) to evaluate vehicle failure modes efficiently. Specifically, vehicle failure modes are first screened out by cost-based FMEA according to maintenance information, and then the weights of the three criteria of maintenance time (T), maintenance cost (C), and maintenance benefit (B) are calculated using FAHP and the rankings of failure modes are determined by EFMULTIMOORA. Different from existing schemes, the EFMULTIMOORA in our proposed hybrid scheme calculates the ranking of vehicle failure modes based on three new risk factors (T, C, and B) through fuzzy linguistic terms for order preference. Furthermore, the applicability of the proposed hybrid scheme is presented by conducting a case study involving vehicle failure modes of one common vehicle type (Hyundai), and a sensitivity analysis and comparisons are conducted to validate the effectiveness of the obtained results. In summary, our numerical analyses indicate that the proposed method can effectively help enterprises and researchers in the risk evaluation and the identification of critical vehicle failure modes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21020661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T03:34:25Z","timestamp":1611113665000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Novel Hybrid Approach for Risk Evaluation of Vehicle Failure Modes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2738-4430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wencai","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automobile, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaowen","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automobile, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shun","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automobile, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3643-4276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yongtao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automobile, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automobile, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Langari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering Technology and Industrial Department, Texas A&amp;M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Long, J., Mou, J., Zhang, L., Zhang, S., and Li, C. (2020). Attitude data-based deep hybrid learning architecture for intelligent fault diagnosis of multi-joint industrial robots. J. Manuf. Syst., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmsy.2020.08.010"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stamatis, D.H. (2003). Failure Mode and Effect Analysis: FMEA from Theory to Execution, Quality Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, H.C. (2019). FMEA for Proactive Healthcare Risk Analysis: A Systematic Literature Review. Improved FMEA Methods for Proactive Healthcare Risk Analysis, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6366-5"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3967","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-012-9868-5","article-title":"A novel approach for evaluating the risk of health care failure modes","volume":"36","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Syst."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0951-8320(95)00068-D","article-title":"Fuzzy logic prioritization of failures in a system failure mode, effects and criticality analysis","volume":"50","author":"Bowles","year":"1995","journal-title":"Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.08.010","article-title":"Risk evaluation approaches in failure mode and effects analysis: A literature review","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1007\/s00500-016-2118-x","article-title":"Failure mode and effect analysis using MULTIMOORA method with continuous weighted entropy under interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy environment","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2007.11.028","article-title":"Risk evaluation in failure mode and effects analysis using fuzzy weighted geometric mean","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.06.046","article-title":"Risk prioritization in failure mode and effects analysis under uncertainty","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.2147\/RMHP.S243331","article-title":"Evaluating Surgical Risk Using FMEA and MULTIMOORA Methods under a Single-Valued Trapezoidal Neutrosophic Environment","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1108\/02656719610108297","article-title":"A revised failure mode and effects analysis model","volume":"13","author":"Raouf","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. J. Qual. Reliab. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haktanir, E., and Kahraman, C. (2020). A Literature Review on Fuzzy FMEA and an Application on Infant Car Seat Design Using Spherical Fuzzy Sets. Customer Oriented Product Design, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-42188-5_22"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2012.737753","article-title":"Healthcare failure mode and effects analysis under fuzziness","volume":"19","author":"Kahraman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2016.07.047","article-title":"A model for failure mode and effects analysis based on intuitionistic fuzzy approach","volume":"49","author":"Tooranloo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aei.2004.07.002","article-title":"Using cost based FMEA to enhance reliability and serviceability","volume":"17","author":"Rhee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Inform."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2017.10.018","article-title":"Risk evaluation using a novel hybrid method based on FMEA, extended MULTIMOORA, and AHP methods under fuzzy environment","volume":"102","author":"Fattahi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Saf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1108\/JEIM-09-2019-0282","article-title":"A novel FMEA model based on fuzzy multiple-criteria decision-making methods for risk assessment","volume":"33","author":"Fattahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Enterp. Inf. Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3266","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-019-01617-y","article-title":"Generalization of Dempster\u2013Shafer theory: A complex mass function","volume":"50","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1109\/TFUZZ.2020.3002431","article-title":"A novel conflict measurement in decision making and its application in fault diagnosis","volume":"29","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Fuzzy Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, F. (2020). CED: A distance for complex mass functions. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst.","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2020.2984918"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlp.2015.11.023","article-title":"A fuzzy multi criteria risk assessment based on decision matrix technique: A case study for aluminum industry","volume":"40","author":"Gul","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Loss Prev. Process Ind."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2015.01.019","article-title":"An integrated fuzzy MCDM approach for supplier evaluation and selection","volume":"82","author":"Karsak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comput. Ind. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0114(83)80082-7","article-title":"A fuzzy extension of Saaty\u2019s priority theory","volume":"11","author":"Pedrycz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/10807039.2016.1234363","article-title":"Occupational health and safety risk assessment in hospitals: A case study using two-stage fuzzy multi-criteria approach","volume":"23","author":"Gul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2011.06.044","article-title":"Fuzzy failure modes and effects analysis by using fuzzy TOPSIS-based fuzzy AHP","volume":"39","author":"Kutlu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2014.11.036","article-title":"A novel approach for failure mode and effects analysis using combination weighting and fuzzy VIKOR method","volume":"28","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"445","article-title":"The MOORA method and its application to privatization in a transition economy","volume":"35","author":"Brauers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Control Cybern."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3846\/tede.2010.01","article-title":"Project management by MULTIMOORA as an instrument for transition economies","volume":"16","author":"Brauers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Technol. Econ. Dev. Econ."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2017.02.008","article-title":"Double hierarchy hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set and MULTIMOORA method: A case of study to evaluate the implementation status of haze controlling measures","volume":"38","author":"Gou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.061","article-title":"Evaluating health-care waste treatment technologies using a hybrid multi-criteria decision making model","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1109\/2.53","article-title":"Fuzzy logic","volume":"21","author":"Zadeh","year":"1988","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.01.100","article-title":"Personnel selection based on computing with words and fuzzy MULTIMOORA","volume":"39","author":"Brauers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0114(92)90223-Q","article-title":"Ranking fuzzy numbers with integral value","volume":"50","author":"Liou","year":"1992","journal-title":"Fuzzy Sets Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gan, L., Pang, Y., Liao, Q., Xiao, N.C., and Huang, H.Z. (2011, January 17\u201319). Fuzzy criticality assessment of FMECA for the SADA based on modified FWGM algorithm & centroid deffuzzification. Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Quality, Reliability, Risk, Maintenance, and Safety Engineering, Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICQR2MSE.2011.5976595"},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Tao, L., Yan-hui, C., Jian-jun, Z., and Si-feng, L. (2007, January 18\u201320). Novel decision-making approach based on grey complementary comparison preference. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Grey Systems and Intelligent Services, Nanjing, China."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11219-007-9035-2","article-title":"Integrating fuzzy theory and hierarchy concepts to evaluate software quality","volume":"16","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Softw. Qual. J."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"(2018, November 26). Automotive Health Record. Available online: https:\/\/hunan.qichedangan.cn\/hunan_webmap."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.08.006","article-title":"Assessment of health-care waste disposal methods using a VIKOR-based fuzzy multi-criteria decision making method","volume":"33","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:45Z","timestamp":1760159565000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/2\/661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s21020661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21020661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,19]]}}}