{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:44:17Z","timestamp":1760233457799,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]],"date-time":"2021-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canary Islands Government through the ACIISI (Canarian Agency for Research, Innovation and the Information Society), ITHACA project \u201cHyperspectral Identification of Brain Tumors\u201d","award":["ProID2017010164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ProID2017010164"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper shows new contributions in the detection of skin cancer, where we present the use of a customized hyperspectral system that captures images in the spectral range from 450 to 950 nm. By choosing a 7 \u00d7 7 sub-image of each channel in the hyperspectral image (HSI) and then taking the mean and standard deviation of these sub-images, we were able to make fits of the resulting curves. These fitted curves had certain characteristics, which then served as a basis of classification. The most distinct fit was for the melanoma pigmented skin lesions (PSLs), which is also the most aggressive malignant cancer. Furthermore, we were able to classify the other PSLs in malignant and benign classes. This gives us a rather complete classification method for PSLs with a novel perspective of the classification procedure by exploiting the variability of each channel in the HSI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:53:41Z","timestamp":1611190421000},"page":"680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Curve-Based Classification Approach for Hyperspectral Dermatologic Data Processing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1955-9632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stig","family":"Uteng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Education and Pedagogy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5415-3446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Quevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3784-5504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gustavo","family":"M. Callico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Applied Microelectronics, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negr\u00edn, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Carretero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negr\u00edn, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1781-6148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aday","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electromedicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javier","family":"A. Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular-Materno Infantil, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Godtliebsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3791","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2957251","article-title":"Invariant Attribute Profiles: A Spatial-Frequency Joint Feature Extractor for Hyperspectral Image Classification","volume":"58","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.04.015","article-title":"Dimensionality reduction of hyperspectral images based on sparse discriminant manifold embedding","volume":"106","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"010901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.19.1.010901","article-title":"Medical hyperspectral imaging: A review","volume":"19","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1465","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.1465","article-title":"Recent advances in hyperspectral imaging for melanoma detection","volume":"12","author":"Johansen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Comput. Stat."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21492","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"68","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"LeBoit, P.E., Burg, G., Weedon, D., and Sarasin, A. (2006). Pathology & Genetics Skin Tumors, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.01.025","article-title":"Early detection of melanoma: Reviewing the ABCDEs American Academy of Dermatology Ad Hoc Task Force for the ABCDEs of Melanoma","volume":"72","author":"Tsao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leon, R., Martinez, B., Fabelo, H., Ortega, S., Melian, V., Casta\u00f1o, I., Carretero, G., Almeida, P., Garcia, A., and Quevedo, E. (2020). Non-Invasive Skin Cancer Diagnosis Using Hyperspectral Imaging for In-Situ Clinical Support. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061662"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.23055","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging in automated digital dermoscopy screening for melanoma","volume":"51","author":"Hosking","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kazianka, H., Leitner, R., and Pilz, J. (2008). Segmentation and classification of hyper-spectral skin data. Studies in Classification, Data Analysis, and Knowledge Organization, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78246-9_29"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Nagaoka, T., Nakamura, A., Kiyohara, Y., and Sota, T. (September, January 28). Melanoma Screening System Using Hyperspectral Imager Attached to Imaging Fiberscope. Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/50\/8\/004","article-title":"Automated melanoma detection with a novel multispectral imaging system: Results of a prospective study","volume":"50","author":"Tomatis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.2002.04569.x","article-title":"Spectrophotometric intracutaneous analysis: A new technique for imaging pigmented skin lesions","volume":"146","author":"Moncrieff","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"414","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of the MelaFind device in a real-life clinical setting","volume":"15","author":"Fink","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.110395","article-title":"Automatic differentiation of melanoma from melanocytic nevi with multispectral digital dermoscopy: A feasibility study","volume":"44","author":"Elbaum","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1001\/archdermatol.2010.302","article-title":"The performance of MelaFind: A prospective multicenter study","volume":"147","author":"Monheit","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.8.002946","article-title":"Optical detection and monitoring of pigmented skin lesions","volume":"8","author":"Stamnes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Abadi, M., Barham, P., Chen, J., Chen, Z., Davis, A., Dean, J., Devin, M., Ghemawat, S., Irving, G., and Isard, M. (2016, January 2\u20134). TensorFlow: A System for Large-Scale Machine Learning. Proceedings of the 12th USENIX Symposium on Operating Systems Design and Implementation, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6690","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2907932","article-title":"Deep learning for hyperspectral image classification: An overview","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fabelo, H., Carretero, G., Almeida, P., Garcia, A., Hernandez, J.A., Godtliebsen, F., Melian, V., Martinez, B., Beltran, P., and Ortega, S. (2019, January 20\u201322). Dermatologic Hyperspectral Imaging System for Skin Cancer Diagnosis Assistance. Proceedings of the 2019 34th Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems, Bilbao, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/DCIS201949030.2019.8959869"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1080\/03610927708827533","article-title":"Robust regression using iteratively reweighted least-squares","volume":"6","author":"Holland","year":"1977","journal-title":"Commun. Stat. Theory Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.022","article-title":"Paired comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of multispectral digital skin lesion analysis and reflectance confocal microscopy in the detection of melanoma in vivo: A cross-sectional study","volume":"75","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/680\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:12:58Z","timestamp":1760159578000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/680"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030680"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030680","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,20]]}}}