{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T17:02:20Z","timestamp":1774630940238,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61272509"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61272509"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cooperative communication and resource limitation are two main characteristics of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). On one hand, communication among the nodes in MANETs highly depends on the cooperation among nodes because of the limited transmission range of the nodes, and multi-hop communications are needed in most cases. On the other hand, every node in MANETs has stringent resource constraints on computations, communications, memory, and energy. These two characteristics lead to the existence of selfish nodes in MANETs, which affects the network performance in various aspects. In this paper, we quantitatively investigate the impacts of node selfishness caused by energy depletion in MANETs in terms of packet loss rate, round-trip delay, and throughput. We conducted extensive measurements on a proper simulation platform incorporating an OMNeT++ and INET Framework. Our experimental results quantitatively indicate the impact of node selfishness on the network performance in MANETs. The results also imply that it is important to evaluate the impact of node selfishness by jointly considering selfish nodes\u2019 mobility models, densities, proportions, and combinations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030716","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]],"date-time":"2021-01-21T11:49:40Z","timestamp":1611229780000},"page":"716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Quantitative Study on the Impact of Energy Consumption Based Dynamic Selfishness in MANETs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6941-0177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Axida","family":"Shan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Technology, Baotou Teachers\u2019 College, Baotou 014030, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6967-9248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiumei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6853-5878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celimuge","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3225-6142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinghui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Automation and Information Engineering, Xi\u2019an University of Technology, Xi\u2019an 710048, China"},{"name":"College of Electronic &amp; Information Engineering, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujia","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Loo, K.K., Lloret, J., and Ortiz, J.H. (2011). Mobile Ad Hoc Networks: Current Status and Future Trends, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71459","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2918990","article-title":"Congestion Avoidance for Smart Devices by Caching Information in MANETS and IoT","volume":"7","author":"Akhtar","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shan, A., Fan, X., and Zhang, X. (2020, January 14\u201316). Quantitative Study on Impact of Node Selfishness on Performance of MANETs. Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT), Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartIoT49966.2020.00011"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, H., and Pati, H. (2018, January 12\u201313). A Survey on Selfish Node Detection in MANET. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN), Greater Noida (UP), India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCCN.2018.8748420"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amraoui, H., Habbani, A., and Hajami, A. (2014, January 14\u201316). Effect of selfish behaviour on OLSR and AODV routing protocols in MANETs. Proceedings of the 2014 Global Summit on Computer Information Technology (GSCIT), Sousse, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/GSCIT.2014.6970105"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aifa, S., and Thomas, T. (2018, January 21\u201322). Review on Different Techniques used in Selfish Node Detection. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Circuits and Systems in Digital Enterprise Technology (ICCSDET), Kottayam, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSDET.2018.8821063"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2749","DOI":"10.1109\/JSYST.2015.2436927","article-title":"Cooperative Strategies for Challenged Networks and Applications: A Survey","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Syst. J."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"INET Framework Development Team (2020, November 13). INET Framework. Available online: https:\/\/inet.omnetpp.org\/."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vij, A., Sharma, V., and Nand, P. (2018, January 12\u201313). Selfish Node Detection using Game Theory in MANET. Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN), Greater Noida (UP), India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICACCCN.2018.8748632"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lupia, A., and Rango, F.D. (2016, January 3\u20136). A probabilistic energy-efficient approach for monitoring and detecting malicious\/selfish nodes in mobile ad-hoc networks. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, Doha, Qatar.","DOI":"10.1109\/WCNC.2016.7564965"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"RoselinMary, S., Maheshwari, M., and Thamaraiselvan, M. (2013, January 21\u201322). Early detection of DOS attacks in VANET using Attacked Packet Detection Algorithm (APDA). Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference on Information Communication and Embedded Systems (ICICES), Chennai, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICES.2013.6508250"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, A., and Sharma, P. (2015, January 21\u201322). A novel mechanism for detecting DOS attack in VANET using Enhanced Attacked Packet Detection Algorithm (EAPDA). Proceedings of the 2015 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Engineering & Computational Sciences (RAECS), Chandigarh, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/RAECS.2015.7453358"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, M., Jang, I., Choo, S., Koo, J., and Pack, S. (2017, January 27\u201329). Collaborative security attack detection in software-defined vehicular networks. Proceedings of the 2017 19th Asia-Pacific Network Operations and Management Symposium (APNOMS), Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/APNOMS.2017.8094172"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alrehan, A.M., and Alhaidari, F.A. (2019, January 1\u20133). Machine Learning Techniques to Detect DDoS Attacks on VANET System: A Survey. Proceedings of the 2019 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.","DOI":"10.1109\/CAIS.2019.8769454"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ilavendhan, A., and Saruladha, K. (2020, January 2\u20134). Comparative Analysis of Various Approaches for DoS Attack Detection in VANETs. Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Electronics and Sustainable Communication Systems (ICESC), Coimbatore, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICESC48915.2020.9155737"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109026","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2933873","article-title":"IPS: Incentive and Punishment Scheme for Omitting Selfishness in the Internet of Vehicles (Iov)","volume":"7","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2017.2656059","article-title":"Social Norm Incentives for Network Coding in Manets","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., and Shen, H. (2011, January 10\u201315). A hierarchical account-aided Reputation Management system for large-scale MANETs. Proceedings of the 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/INFCOM.2011.5935316"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1559","article-title":"SIRC: A Secure Incentive Scheme for Reliable Cooperative Downloading in Highway VANETs","volume":"18","author":"Lai","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, J.A.F.F., Rodrigues, J.J.P.C., Kumar, N., and Mavromoustakis, C.X. (2015, January 8\u201312). A hybrid system to stimulate selfish nodes to cooperate in vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2015.7249264"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1109\/MNET.001.1900504","article-title":"Challenges and Solutions in Autonomous Driving: A Blockchain Approach","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Netw."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kou, M., Zhao, Y., Cai, H., and Fan, X. (2018, January 17\u201319). Study of a Routing Algorithm of Internet of Vehicles Based on Selfishness. Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE International Conference on Smart Internet of Things (SmartIoT), Xi\u2019an, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/SmartIoT.2018.00016"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025146013151","article-title":"Stimulating Cooperation in Self-Organizing Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"8","author":"Hubaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mobile Netw. Appl."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meeran, A. (2017, January 11\u201312). Enhanced System For Selfish Node Revival Based On Watchdog Mechanism. Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICEI), Tirunelveli, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOEI.2017.8300943"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12038","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2871606","article-title":"Computational Intelligence Inspired Data Delivery for Vehicle-to-Roadside Communications","volume":"67","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.151","article-title":"Game-Theoretic Analysis of Cooperation Incentive Strategies in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124097","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3006043","article-title":"A Game Theory-Based Strategic Approach to Ensure Reliable Data Transmission With Optimized Network Operations in Futuristic Mobile Adhoc Networks","volume":"8","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166435","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2952664","article-title":"Stackelberg-Game-Based Mechanism for Opportunistic Data Offloading Using Moving Vehicles","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2017.02.008","article-title":"Cooperative based tit-for-tat strategies to retaliate against greedy behavior in VANETs","volume":"104","author":"Otrok","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2005.71","article-title":"Selfish MAC layer misbehavior in wireless networks","volume":"4","author":"Kyasanur","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Guang, L., and Assi, C. (2005, January 1\u20134). MAC layer misbehavior in ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering, Saskatoon, SK, Canada."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Lin, Z., and Ye, A. (2006, January 3\u20135). Analysis and Countermeasure of Selfish Node Problem in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Proceedings of the 2006 10th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, Nanjing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/CSCWD.2006.253072"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kampitaki, D.G., Karapistoli, E.D., and Economides, A.A. (2014, January 28\u201330). Evaluating selfishness impact on MANETs. Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Telecommunications and Multimedia (TEMU), Heraklion, Crete, Greece.","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMU.2014.6917737"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loudari, S.E., and Benamar, N. (2019, January 3\u20134). Effects of Selfishness on the Energy Consumption in Opportunistic Networks: A Performance Assessment. Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems (WITS), Fez, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/WITS.2019.8723819"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marti, S., Giuli, T.J., Lai, K., and Baker, M. (2000, January 6\u201311). Mitigating routing misbehavior in mobile ad hoc networks. Proceedings of the 6th Annual International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking-MobiCom \u201900, Boston, MA, United States.","DOI":"10.1145\/345910.345955"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, A., and Hornig, R. (2008, January 3\u20137). An Overview of the OMNeT++ Simulation Environment. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Simulation Tools and Techniques for Communications, Networks and Systems & Workshops, Simutools \u201908, Marseille, France.","DOI":"10.4108\/ICST.SIMUTOOLS2008.3027"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, D., and Maltz, D. (1996). Chapter dynamic source routing in ad hoc wireless networks. Mobile Computing, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-585-29603-6_5"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/716\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:13:35Z","timestamp":1760159615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/716"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030716"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030716","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,21]]}}}