{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:10:40Z","timestamp":1769551840442,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]],"date-time":"2021-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NNX15AP85H"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NNX15AP85H"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The conventional sound source localization systems require the significant complexity because of multiple synchronized analog-to-digital conversion channels as well as the scalable algorithms. This paper proposes a single-channel sound localization system for transport with multiple receivers. The individual receivers are connected by the single analog microphone network which provides the superimposed signal over simple connectivity based on asynchronized analog circuit. The proposed system consists of two computational stages as homomorphic deconvolution and machine learning stage. A previous study has verified the performance of time-of-flight estimation by utilizing the non-parametric and parametric homomorphic deconvolution algorithms. This paper employs the linear regression with supervised learning for angle-of-arrival prediction. Among the circular configurations of receiver positions, the optimal location is selected for three-receiver structure based on the extensive simulations. The non-parametric method presents the consistent performance and Yule\u2013Walker parametric algorithm indicates the least accuracy. The Steiglitz\u2013McBride parametric algorithm delivers the best predictions with reduced model order as well as other parameter values. The experiments in the anechoic chamber demonstrate the accurate predictions in proper ensemble length and model order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T09:59:40Z","timestamp":1611568780000},"page":"760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Single-Channel Multiple-Receiver Sound Source Localization System with Homomorphic Deconvolution and Linear Regression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yeonseok","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics &amp; Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical &amp; Computer Engineering, Mercer University, 1501 Mercer University Drive, Macon, GA 31207, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6796-7844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keonwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics &amp; Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, Seoul 04620, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1109\/79.526899","article-title":"Two decades of array signal processing research: The parametric approach","volume":"13","author":"Krim","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Signal Proc Mag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1109\/53.665","article-title":"Beamforming: A versatile approach to spatial filtering","volume":"5","author":"Veen","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE ASSP Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blauert, J. (1997). Spatial Hearing: The Psychophysics of Human Sound Localization, Revised ed., Massachusetts Institute of Technology.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/6391.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1121\/1.418029","article-title":"Monaural sound localization revisited","volume":"101","author":"Wightman","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"433","article-title":"Binaural hearing, sound localization, and spatial hearing","volume":"383","author":"Stecker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Perspect. Audit. Neurosci. Norm. Asp. Hear."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2019.107250","article-title":"Wideband sparse Bayesian learning for off-grid binaural sound source localization","volume":"166","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2017.2703650","article-title":"Binaural sound localization based on reverberation weighting and generalized parametric mapping","volume":"25","author":"Pang","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-014-0544-y","article-title":"Improved sound source localization in horizontal plane for binaural robot audition","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Intell."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1121\/1.4923448","article-title":"Dynamic binaural sound localization based on variations of interaural time delays and system rotations","volume":"138","author":"Baumann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10584","DOI":"10.3390\/s120810584","article-title":"Binaural Sound Localizer for Azimuthal Movement Detection Based on Diffraction","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y., Choi, A., and Kim, K. (2017). Monaural Sound Localization Based on Reflective Structure and Homomorphic Deconvolution. Sensors, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/s17102189"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., and Kim, K. (2015). Near-Field Sound Localization Based on the Small Profile Monaural Structure. Sensors, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128742"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3872","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203872","article-title":"Monaural Sound Localization Based on Structure-Induced Acoustic Resonance","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1121\/1.3278603","article-title":"Monaural sound-source-direction estimation using the acoustic transfer function of a parabolic reflection board","volume":"127","author":"Takashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218396X99000151","article-title":"Parallel Algorithms for Split-Aperture Conventional Beamforming","volume":"7","author":"George","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Comput. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218396X0300181X","article-title":"Parallel Subspace Projection Beamforming for Autonomous, Passive Sonar Signal Processing","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comput. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1109\/TASL.2009.2023644","article-title":"Binaural Source Localization by Joint Estimation of ILD and ITD","volume":"18","author":"Raspaud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argentieri, S., Dan\u00e8s, P., and Sou\u00e8res, P. (2015). A survey on sound source localization in robotics: From binaural to array processing methods. Comput. Speech Lang.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2015.03.003"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2098","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2308051","article-title":"Advanced binaural sound localization in 3-D for humanoid robots","volume":"63","author":"Keyrouz","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Horowitz, P., and Hill, W. (2015). The Art of Electronics, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, Y., Choi, A., and Kim, K. (2020). Parametric Estimations Based on Homomorphic Deconvolution for Time of Flight in Sound Source Localization System. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030925"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Alexey, N. (2019, November 28). All World VISIO. Available online: https:\/\/surrogate-tm.github.io\/digitall\/index_en.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6403","DOI":"10.1109\/TIE.2017.2786219","article-title":"Indoor sound source localization with probabilistic neural network","volume":"65","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"34","article-title":"Sound event localization and detection of overlapping sources using convolutional recurrent neural networks","volume":"13","author":"Adavanne","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE JSTSP"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2018.2855960","article-title":"Robust binaural localization of a target sound source by combining spectral source models and deep neural networks","volume":"26","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5032311","article-title":"Underwater acoustic source localization using generalized regression neural network","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1109\/TASLP.2019.2919378","article-title":"Sound localization based on phase difference enhancement using deep neural networks","volume":"27","author":"Pak","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13636-020-0171-y","article-title":"Binaural sound localization based on deep neural network and affinity propagation clustering in mismatched HRTF condition","volume":"2020","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Audio Speech Music Process."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11314","DOI":"10.3390\/s130911314","article-title":"Lightweight Filter Architecture for Energy Efficient Mobile Vehicle Localization Based on a Distributed Acoustic Sensor Network","volume":"13","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.7776\/ASK.2012.31.4.225","article-title":"Design and analysis of experimental anechoic chamber for localization","volume":"31","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Acoust. Soc. Korea"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"267","article-title":"On a method of investigating periodicities disturbed series, with special reference to Wolfer\u2019s sunspot numbers","volume":"226","author":"Yule","year":"1927","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A Contain. Pap. Math. Phys. Character"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K. (2021). Conceptual Digital Signal Processing with MATLAB, Springer. Signals and Communication Technology.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-2584-1"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Parks, T.W., and Burrus, C.S. (1987). Digital Filter Design, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.1965.1098181","article-title":"A technique for the identification of linear systems","volume":"10","author":"Steiglitz","year":"1965","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Control"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Kutner, M., Nachtsheim, C., Neter, J., and Li, W. (2004). Applied Linear Statistical Models, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Seber, G.A., and Lee, A.J. (2012). Linear Regression Analysis, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huber, P.J. (1981). Robust Statistics, Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471725250"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Golub, G.H., Van Loan, C.F., Van Loan, C.F., and Van Loan, P.C.F. (1996). Matrix Computations, Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"1251","article-title":"Algorithms for the QR decomposition","volume":"80","author":"Gander","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilkinson, J.H., Bauer, F.L., and Reinsch, C. (1971). Linear Algebra, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-39778-7"},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization (2003). Acoustics\u2014Determination of Sound Power Levels of Noise Sources Using Sound Pressure\u2014Precision Methods for Anechoic and Hemi-Anechoic Rooms, ISO. ISO 3745:2003."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/760\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:14:29Z","timestamp":1760159669000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/760"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030760"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030760","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,23]]}}}