{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T12:13:30Z","timestamp":1768565610804,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002661","name":"Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FC 29801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FC 29801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002749","name":"Belgian Federal Science Policy Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRODEX PEA 4000110826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRODEX PEA 4000110826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002749","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008537","name":"Fonds Alice et David van Buuren","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AH"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AH"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015400","name":"Fonds Erasme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent years have witnessed an upsurge in the usage of ballistocardiography (BCG) and seismocardiography (SCG) to record myocardial function both in normal and pathological populations. Kinocardiography (KCG) combines these techniques by measuring 12 degrees-of-freedom of body motion produced by myocardial contraction and blood flow through the cardiac chambers and major vessels. The integral of kinetic energy (iK) obtained from the linear and rotational SCG\/BCG signals, and automatically computed over the cardiac cycle, is used as a marker of cardiac mechanical function. The present work systematically evaluated the test\u2013retest (TRT) reliability of KCG iK derived from BCG\/SCG signals in the short term (&lt;15 min) and long term (3\u20136 h) on 60 healthy volunteers. Additionally, we investigated the difference of repeatability with different body positions. First, we found high short-term TRT reliability for KCG metrics derived from SCG and BCG recordings. Exceptions to this finding were limited to metrics computed in left lateral decubitus position where the TRT reliability was moderate-to-high. Second, we found low-to-moderate long-term TRT reliability for KCG metrics as expected and confirmed by blood pressure measurements. In summary, KCG parameters derived from BCG\/SCG signals show high repeatability and should be further investigated to confirm their use for cardiac condition longitudinal monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Kinocardiography Derived from Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography Shows High Repeatability in Healthy Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5122-9927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Hossein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LPHYS, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"},{"name":"BEAMS, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7946-075X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my","family":"Rabineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPHYS, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Gorlier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPHYS, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Jose Ignacio Juarez","family":"Del Rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"van de Borne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Erasme Hospital, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Migeotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LPHYS, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0292-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Nonclercq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BEAMS, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1161\/hc4901.102568","article-title":"ACC\/AHA Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult: Executive Summary A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to Revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure): Developed in Collaboration With the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation; Endorsed by the Heart Failure Society of America","volume":"104","author":"Hunt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0360-5","article-title":"COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system","volume":"17","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.046941","article-title":"COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"141","author":"Clerkin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31356-8","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic and admission rates for and management of acute coronary syndromes in England","volume":"396","author":"Mafham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2174\/1874120701004010201","article-title":"Theory and Developments in an Unobtrusive Cardiovascular System Representation: Ballistocardiography","volume":"4","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Biomed. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giovangrandi, L., Inan, O.T., Wiard, R.M., Etemadi, M., and Kovacs, G.T. (September, January 30). Ballistocardiography A method worth revisiting. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6091062"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(58)90271-6","article-title":"The relation of the ballistocardiogram to cardiac function","volume":"2","author":"Starr","year":"1958","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"111","article-title":"Seismocardiography: A new technique for recording cardiac vibrations. Concept, method, and initial observations","volume":"9","author":"Salernod","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Technol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032804","article-title":"Mobile Phone Detection of Atrial Fibrillation with Mechanocardiography","volume":"137","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.07.425","article-title":"Ballistocardiography for Ambulatory Detection and Prediction of Heart Failure Decompensation","volume":"24","author":"Aydemir","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2018.07.446","article-title":"Seismocardiography Can Assess Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Patients with Heart Failure","volume":"24","author":"Shandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46823-3","article-title":"Accurate Detection of Dobutamine-induced Haemodynamic Changes by Kino-Cardiography: A Randomised Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Validation Study","volume":"9","author":"Hossein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12938-020-00837-5","article-title":"Effects of acquisition device, sampling rate, and record length on kinocardiography during position-induced haemodynamic changes","volume":"20","author":"Hossein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Online"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105005","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab4a6a","article-title":"Modification of the mechanical cardiac performance during end-expiratory voluntary apnea recorded with ballistocardiography and seismocardiography","volume":"40","author":"Morra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065007","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab924b","article-title":"Ballistocardiography and seismocardiography detection of hemodynamic changes during simulated obstructive apnea","volume":"41","author":"Morra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R497","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00142.2020","article-title":"Influence of sympathetic activation on myocardial contractility measured with ballistocardiography and seismocardiography during sustained end-expiratory apnea","volume":"319","author":"Morra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74150-5","article-title":"Cardiovascular adaptation and countermeasure efficacy assessed by ballistocardiography and seismocardiography during 60 days of simulated microgravity in head-down bed rest","volume":"10","author":"Rabineau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(64)90005-0","article-title":"Effect of physical conditioning on cardiovascular function","volume":"14","author":"Holloszy","year":"1964","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Jackson, D.H., Lane, N.E., and Wherry c, R.J. (1969). A Study of the Ballistocardiographic Test-Retest Reliability, Naval Aviation Medical Center."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-011-0746-y","article-title":"Short and longer term repeatability of ballistocardiography in a sitting position with EMFi sensor","volume":"49","author":"Viik","year":"2011","journal-title":"Med Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"02NT01","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/ab6f53","article-title":"The repeatability of estimated systolic time intervals in healthy subjects using seismocardiogram and electrocardiogram","volume":"41","author":"Zakeri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(50)90287-7","article-title":"Respiratory variation of the ballistocardiogram","volume":"9","author":"Brown","year":"1950","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6579\/aa72b0","article-title":"Evaluation of respiratory- and postural-induced changes on the ballistocardiogram signal by time warping averaging","volume":"38","author":"Landreani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2014.2361732","article-title":"Ballistocardiography and Seismocardiography: A Review of Recent Advances","volume":"19","author":"Inan","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass Correlations: Uses in Assessing Rater Reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.1.1.30","article-title":"Forming inferences about some intraclass correlation coefficients","volume":"1","author":"McGraw","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"169","article-title":"Coefficient of Variation","volume":"1","author":"Abdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Encycl. Res. Des."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/30\/2\/005","article-title":"Robust ballistocardiogram acquisition for home monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Inan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(98)00099-X","article-title":"Test\u2013Retest Reproducibility of Maximum Cardiac Output by Doppler Echocardiography","volume":"81","author":"Rowland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1088\/0143-0815\/3\/3\/001","article-title":"Three-dimensional ballistocardiographic responses to changes of posture","volume":"3","author":"Soames","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin. Phys. Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2013.04.005","article-title":"Wearable seismocardiography: Towards a beat-by-beat assessment of cardiac mechanics in ambulant subjects","volume":"178","author":"Vaini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3390\/vibration2010005","article-title":"Recent Advances in Seismocardiography","volume":"2","author":"Taebi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vibration"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.73.3.579","article-title":"Effects of supine and lateral positions on cardiac output and intracardiac pressures: An experimental study","volume":"73","author":"Nakao","year":"1986","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.33.5.1099","article-title":"Race and Diurnal Blood Pressure Patterns","volume":"33","author":"Profant","year":"1999","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Fagard, R.H. (2020, November 13). Dipping Pattern of Nocturnal Blood Pressure in Patients with Hypertension. Medscape, Available online: http:\/\/www.medscape.com\/viewarticle\/705780."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI101689","article-title":"On the Cause of The Respiratory Variation of The Ballistocardiogram, with a Note on Sinus Arrhythmia","volume":"25","author":"Starr","year":"1946","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Jain, P.K., and Tiwari, A.K. (2016, January 16\u201318). A novel method for suppression of motion artifacts from the seismocardiogram signal. Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP), Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, S., and Liu, S. (2020). A Novel Adaptive Recursive Least Squares Filter to Remove the Motion Artifact in Seismocardiography. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20061596"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5702","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2016.2573269","article-title":"Motion Artifact Cancellation of Seismocardiographic Recording from Moving Subjects","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/815\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:15:28Z","timestamp":1760159728000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/815"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030815"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030815","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]}}}