{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T15:19:07Z","timestamp":1768835947541,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NRF grant","award":["NRF-2019R1F1A1062948"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1F1A1062948"]}]},{"name":"Pioneer Research Center Program","award":["2015M3C1A3056407"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015M3C1A3056407"]}]},{"name":"Basic Science Research Program","award":["2020R1A6A1A03047902"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1A6A1A03047902"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002456","name":"Chonnam National University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.2020-0358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.2020-0358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002456","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carfilzomib is mainly used to treat multiple myeloma. Several side effects have been reported in patients treated with carfilzomib, especially those associated with cardiovascular events, such as hypertension, congestive heart failure, and coronary artery disease. However, the side effects, especially the manifestation of cardiovascular events through capillaries, have not been fully investigated. Here, we performed a pilot experiment to monitor peripheral vascular dynamics in a mouse ear under the effects of carfilzomib using a quantitative photoacoustic vascular evaluation method. Before and after injecting the carfilzomib, bortezomib, and PBS solutions, we acquired high-resolution three-dimensional PAM data of the peripheral vasculature of the mouse ear during each experiment for 10 h. Then, the PAM maximum amplitude projection (MAP) images and five quantitative vascular parameters, i.e., photoacoustic (PA) signal, diameter, density, length fraction, and fractal dimension, were estimated. Quantitative results showed that carfilzomib induces a strong effect on the peripheral vascular system through a significant increase in all vascular parameters up to 50%, especially during the first 30 min after injection. Meanwhile, bortezomib and PBS do not have much impact on the peripheral vascular system. This pilot study verified PAM as a comprehensive method to investigate peripheral vasculature, along with the effects of carfilzomib. Therefore, we expect that PAM may be useful to predict cardiovascular events caused by carfilzomib.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030836","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T06:10:54Z","timestamp":1611727854000},"page":"836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Pilot Study: Quantitative Photoacoustic Evaluation of Peripheral Vascular Dynamics Induced by Carfilzomib In Vivo"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3776-500X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thi Thao","family":"Mai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Manh-Cuong","family":"Vo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan-Huy","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jin Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7249-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulhong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Creative IT Engineering and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk-do 37673, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Je-Jung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, 264, Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-eup, Hwasun-gun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hoon","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3560-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changho","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Artificial Intelligence Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School &amp; Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do 58128, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30107-3","article-title":"Cabozantinib versus everolimus in advanced renal cell carcinoma (METEOR): Final results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"17","author":"Choueiri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1411321","article-title":"Carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone for relapsed multiple myeloma","volume":"372","author":"Stewart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1946","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00231","article-title":"Prospective study of cardiac events during proteasome inhibitor therapy for relapsed multiple myeloma","volume":"37","author":"Cornell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2017.05.024","article-title":"Spasmogenic effects of the proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib on coronary resistance, vascular tone and reactivity","volume":"21","author":"Corsetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.119.312859","article-title":"Microvascular Disease Increases Amputation in Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease","volume":"40","author":"Behroozian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2533081744","article-title":"Peripheral vasculature: High-temporal-and high-spatial-resolution three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MR angiography","volume":"253","author":"Haider","year":"2009","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2006.10.009","article-title":"Imaging of peripheral arteries by 16-row multidetector computed tomography angiography: A feasible tool?","volume":"61","author":"Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16066","article-title":"Ultrafast ultrasound localization microscopy for deep super-resolution vascular imaging","volume":"527","author":"Errico","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.014","article-title":"3D self-organized microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier with endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes","volume":"180","author":"Campisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2006.05.003","article-title":"Three-dimensional visualization of microvessel architecture of whole-mount tissue by confocal microscopy","volume":"72","author":"Dickie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microvasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micron.2003.07.002","article-title":"Whole-mount sections displaying microvascular and glandular structures in human uterus using multiphoton excitation microscopy","volume":"34","author":"Manconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Micron"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.001530","article-title":"Speckle variance detection of microvasculature using swept-source optical coherence tomography","volume":"33","author":"Mariampillai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"BIO307","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-21787","article-title":"Quantifying microvascular abnormalities with increasing severity of diabetic retinopathy using optical coherence tomography angiography","volume":"58","author":"Nesper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1162\/153535002753395662","article-title":"Conventional and high-speed intravital multiphoton laser scanning microscopy of microvasculature, lymphatics, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions","volume":"1","author":"Padera","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34803","DOI":"10.1038\/srep34803","article-title":"High-speed and high-SNR photoacoustic microscopy based on a galvanometer mirror in non-conducting liquid","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216210","article-title":"Photoacoustic tomography: In vivo imaging from organelles to organs","volume":"335","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1220","article-title":"Functional photoacoustic microscopy for high-resolution and noninvasive in vivo imaging","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s13534-014-0153-z","article-title":"Acoustic resolution photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"4","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-019-0220-4","article-title":"Super-resolution localization photoacoustic microscopy using intrinsic red blood cells as contrast absorbers","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2019.2938518","article-title":"Super wide-field photoacoustic microscopy of animals and humans in vivo","volume":"39","author":"Baik","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Mai, T.T., Kim, J.Y., Min, J.-J., Kim, C., and Lee, C. (2020). Feasibility Study of Precise Balloon Catheter Tracking and Visualization with Fast Photoacoustic Microscopy. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20195585"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2015.08.002","article-title":"Real-time near-infrared virtual intraoperative surgical photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Photoacoustics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160915","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3020559","article-title":"Non-Ionizing Label-Free Photoacoustic Imaging of Bones","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3594786","article-title":"Label-free oxygen-metabolic photoacoustic microscopy in vivo","volume":"16","author":"Yao","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201700327","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201700327","article-title":"Photoacoustic microscopy for evaluating combretastatin A4 phosphate induced vascular disruption in orthotopic glioma","volume":"11","author":"Bi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106506","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.10.106506","article-title":"Label-free imaging of lipid-rich biological tissues by mid-infrared photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"25","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"056002","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.25.5.056002","article-title":"Effective photoacoustic absorption spectrum for collagen-based tissue imaging","volume":"25","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/s41566-019-0441-3","article-title":"High-resolution, high-contrast mid-infrared imaging of fresh biological samples with ultraviolet-localized photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Photonics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060506","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.17.6.060506","article-title":"Label-free photoacoustic microscopy of myocardial sheet architecture","volume":"17","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6755","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.404041","article-title":"PAExM: Label-free hyper-resolution photoacoustic expansion microscopy","volume":"45","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, B., Bang, C.H., Lee, C., Han, J.H., Choi, W., Kim, J., Park, G.S., Rhie, J.W., Lee, J.H., and Kim, C. (2020). 3D Wide-field Multispectral Photoacoustic Imaging of Human Melanomas In Vivo: A Pilot Study. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2543652"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.35.001521","article-title":"Hybrid-scanning optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy for in vivo vasculature imaging","volume":"35","author":"Rao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s42492-018-0003-4","article-title":"Concurrent photoacoustic and ultrasound microscopy with a coaxial dual-element ultrasonic transducer","volume":"1","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vis. Comput. Ind. Biomed. Art"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-017-5080-9","article-title":"Rapid volumetric photoacoustic tomographic imaging with a Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor depicts peripheral arteries and microvascular vasomotor responses to thermal stimuli","volume":"28","author":"Plumb","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"076007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.7.076007","article-title":"Assessing the effects of norepinephrine on single cerebral microvessels using optical-resolution photoacoustic microscope","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12141","DOI":"10.1021\/nn505989e","article-title":"Early-stage imaging of nanocarrier-enhanced chemotherapy response in living subjects by scalable photoacoustic microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Nie","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"63","article-title":"Autoregulation of blood flow: Vessel diameter changes in response to different temperatures","volume":"3","author":"Norouzpour","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Phys. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2759","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.7.002759","article-title":"Estimation of vessel diameter and blood flow dynamics from laser speckle images","volume":"7","author":"Postnov","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000210533.24338.ea","article-title":"Retinal vessel diameters and risk of stroke: The Rotterdam Study","volume":"66","author":"Ikram","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.22053","article-title":"The relationship of flow velocities to vessel diameters differs between extracranial carotid and vertebral arteries of stroke patients","volume":"42","author":"Owolabi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Ultrasound"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002289","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.002289","article-title":"Brain arterial diameters as a risk factor for vascular events","volume":"4","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-16655","article-title":"Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography ofPeripapillary Retinal Blood Flow Response to Hyperoxia","volume":"56","author":"Pechauer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Diagnostic ability of vessel density measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography angiography for glaucoma in patients with high myopia","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Xu, Z., Liu, Q., Chen, X., and Li, L. (2020). Comparisons of retinal vessel density and glaucomatous parameters in optical coherence tomography angiography. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234816"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seaman, M.E., Peirce, S.M., and Kelly, K. (2011). Rapid analysis of vessel elements (RAVE): A tool for studying physiologic, pathologic and tumor angiogenesis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020807"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"141","article-title":"Correlation between lymphatic vessel density and microvessel density in cutaneous malignant melanoma","volume":"55","author":"Toader","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rohrbach, D.J., Salem, H., Aksahin, M., and Sunar, U. (2016). Photodynamic therapy-induced microvascular changes in a nonmelanoma skin cancer model assessed by photoacoustic microscopy and diffuse correlation spectroscopy. Photonics, MDPI.","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics3030048"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1971","article-title":"Three-dimensional microscopy of the tumor microenvironment in vivo using optical frequency domain imaging","volume":"15","author":"Vakoc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509783","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/509783","article-title":"Quantifying optical microangiography images obtained from a spectral domain optical coherence tomography system","volume":"2012","author":"Reif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2001.2367","article-title":"Fractal dimensions and multifractility in vascular branching","volume":"212","author":"Zamir","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.2.001159","article-title":"Imaging of the parafoveal capillary network and its integrity analysis using fractal dimension","volume":"2","author":"Schmoll","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1654","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-105601","article-title":"Combination of proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and NPI-0052 trigger in vivo synergistic cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Chauhan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e174519","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.4519","article-title":"Carfilzomib-associated cardiovascular adverse events: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Waxman","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Frangi, A.F., Niessen, W.J., Vincken, K.L., and Viergever, M.A. (2020, January 11\u201313). Multiscale vessel enhancement filtering. Proceedings of the International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention, Cambridge, MA, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Singh, T.R., Roy, S., Singh, O.I., Sinam, T., and Singh, K. (2012). A new local adaptive thresholding technique in binarization. arXiv Prepr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patcog.2009.03.001","article-title":"An improved box-counting method for image fractal dimension estimation","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"091701","DOI":"10.3788\/COL201513.091701","article-title":"Multiscale Hessian filter-based segmentation and quantification method for photoacoustic microangiography","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin. Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1361","article-title":"The proteasome: A suitable antineoplastic target","volume":"4","author":"Adams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.03.022","article-title":"Mechanism of cardiovascular toxicity by proteasome inhibitors: New paradigm derived from clinical and pre-clinical evidence","volume":"828","author":"Gavazzoni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-858415","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of carfilzomib-induced cardiotoxicity in mice and the emerging cardioprotective role of metformin","volume":"133","author":"Efentakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15102","article-title":"The Di PEP (Diagnosis of PE in Pregnancy) biomarker study: An observational cohort study augmented with additional cases to determine the diagnostic utility of biomarkers for suspected venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"180","author":"Hunt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2016.3350","article-title":"Cardiovascular and thrombotic complications of novel multiple myeloma therapies: A review","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"Handheld photoacoustic microscopy probe","volume":"7","author":"Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, D., Park, S., Lee, C., and Kim, H. (2019). Recent progress on near-infrared photoacoustic imaging: Imaging modality and organic semiconducting agents. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101693"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"040901","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.24.4.040901","article-title":"Photoacoustic imaging in the second near-infrared window: A review","volume":"24","author":"Upputuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3884","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.003884","article-title":"In vitro photoacoustic measurement of hemoglobin oxygen saturation using a single pulsed broadband supercontinuum laser source","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/836\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:15:57Z","timestamp":1760159757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/836"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030836"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030836","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}}}