{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T09:28:25Z","timestamp":1780392505569,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51775214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51775214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-contrast or uneven illumination in real-world images will cause a loss of details and increase the difficulty of pattern recognition. An automatic image illumination perception and adaptive correction algorithm, termed as GLAGC, is proposed in this paper. Based on Retinex theory, the illumination of an image is extracted through the discrete wavelet transform. Two features that characterize the image illuminance are creatively designed. The first feature is the spatial luminance distribution feature, which is applied to the adaptive gamma correction of local uneven lighting. The other feature is the global statistical luminance feature. Through a training set containing images with various illuminance conditions, the relationship between the image exposure level and the feature is estimated under the maximum entropy criterion. It is used to perform adaptive gamma correction on global low illumination. Moreover, smoothness preservation is performed in the high-frequency subband to preserve edge smoothness. To eliminate low-illumination noise after wavelet reconstruction, the adaptive stabilization factor is derived. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. By comparison, the proposed method yields comparable or better results than the state-of-art methods in terms of efficiency and quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s21030845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]],"date-time":"2021-01-27T12:20:26Z","timestamp":1611750026000},"page":"845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["GLAGC: Adaptive Dual-Gamma Function for Image Illumination Perception and Correction in the Wavelet Domain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4012-1264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenyong","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiming","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-ipr.2019.0781","article-title":"Low light image enhancement with adaptive sigmoid transfer function","volume":"14","author":"Srinivas","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Image Process"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2016.2639450","article-title":"LIME: Low-Light Image Enhancement via Illumination Map Estimation","volume":"26","author":"Xiaojie","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2011.03.023","article-title":"Homomorphic filtering based illumination normalization method for face recognition","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSA.61.000001","article-title":"Lightness and the Retinex theory","volume":"61","author":"Land","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Amer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican1277-108","article-title":"The Retinex theory of color vision","volume":"237","author":"Land","year":"1977","journal-title":"Sci. Amer."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1109\/83.557356","article-title":"Properties and performance of the center\/surround Retinex","volume":"6","author":"Jobson","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Multi-scale Retinex for color image enhancement","volume":"3","author":"Rahman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. ICIP"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3981","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2017.2703078","article-title":"Contrast enhancement based on intrinsic image decomposition","volume":"26","author":"Yue","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celik, T., and Tjahjadi, T. (2010). Image Resolution Enhancement Using Dual-Tree Complex Wavelet Transform. IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 7.","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2010.2041324"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2008.2008070","article-title":"Shearlet-Based Total Variation Diffusion for Denoising","volume":"18","author":"Glenn","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Karel, Z. (1994). Contrast limited adaptive histograph equalization. Graphic Gems IV, Academic."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/30.580378","article-title":"Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi\u2014histogram equalization","volume":"43","author":"Kim","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"31","article-title":"Color image enhancement in compressed DCT domain","volume":"10","author":"Clement","year":"2010","journal-title":"ICGST GVIP J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2014.11.019","article-title":"Quaternion Fourier transform based alpha-rooting method for color image measurement and enhancement","volume":"109","author":"Grigoryan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infrared.2016.11.001","article-title":"Adaptive gamma correction based on cumulative histogram for enhancing near-infrared images","volume":"79","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infrared Phys. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2017.09.012","article-title":"Contrast enhancement of brightness-distorted images by improved adaptive gamma correction","volume":"66","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comput. Electr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2012.2226047","article-title":"Efficient contrast enhancement using adaptive gamma correction with weighting distribution","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2636","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2010.5681151","article-title":"A space-variant luminance map based color image enhancement","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fu, X., Zeng, D., Huang, Y., Zhang, X.P., and Ding, X. (July, January 26). A weighted variational model for simultaneous\u2019 reflectance and illumination estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Las Vegas, NV, USA."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3381","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2014.2324813","article-title":"Variational Bayesian Method for Retinex","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loza, D., Bull, A., and Achim, A.M. (2010). Automatic contrast enhancement of low-light images based on local statistics of wavelet coefficients. Proc. ICIP, 3553\u20133556.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIP.2010.5651173"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2018.04.179","article-title":"Fast Algorithm of Image Enhancement based on Multi-Scale Retinex","volume":"131","author":"Zotin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Procedia Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvcir.2016.11.001","article-title":"Low light image enhancement with dual-tree complex wavelet transform","volume":"42","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, Z., Mohamadian, H., and Ye, Y. (2007, January 22\u201325). Information Measures for Biometric Identification Via 2D Discrete Wavelet Transform. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/COASE.2007.4341670"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hou, X., and Zhang, L. (2007, January 17\u201322). Saliency Detection: A Spectral Residual Approach. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Minneapolis, MN, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2007.383267"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3538","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2013.2261309","article-title":"Naturalness preserved enhancement algorithm for non-uniform ilumination images","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1109\/TCE.2010.5505998","article-title":"Image Dependent Brightness Preserving Histogram Equalization","volume":"56","author":"Rajavel","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Consum. Electron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/845\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:16:07Z","timestamp":1760159767000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/3\/845"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["s21030845"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s21030845","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,27]]}}}